An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film having (a) a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces between the faces of the aligned film, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by: M.sub.n+1X.sub.n (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and at least one of two opposing surfaces of each said layer have at least one modifier or terminal T selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; and (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers.

An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film having (a) a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces between the faces of the aligned film, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by: M.sub.n+1X.sub.n (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and at least one of two opposing surfaces of each said layer have at least one modifier or terminal T selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; and (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers.

Ultrafast flash Joule heating synthesis methods and systems, and more particularly, ultrafast synthesis methods to recover precious metals recovery and other metals from electronic waste (e-waste).

A tungsten carbide powder contains tungsten carbide as a main component and chromium, in which, when mass concentrations of tungsten and chromium are measured at 100 or more analysis points randomly selected from a field of view of SEM observation of the tungsten carbide powder, a standard deviation σ of distribution of the ratio by percentage of the concentration of chromium to the total concentration of tungsten and chromium is 0.5 or less.

A tungsten carbide powder contains tungsten carbide as a main component and chromium, in which, when mass concentrations of tungsten and chromium are measured at 100 or more analysis points randomly selected from a field of view of SEM observation of the tungsten carbide powder, a standard deviation σ of distribution of the ratio by percentage of the concentration of chromium to the total concentration of tungsten and chromium is 0.5 or less.

The present invention(s) is directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions exhibiting high volumetric capacitances, and methods of making the same. The present invention(s) is also directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions, methods of preparing transparent conductors using these materials, and products derived from these methods.

The present invention(s) is directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions exhibiting high volumetric capacitances, and methods of making the same. The present invention(s) is also directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions, methods of preparing transparent conductors using these materials, and products derived from these methods.

A tungsten carbide powder 1 includes bonded bodies 10 each including a plurality of tungsten carbide crystal grains 11, in which the bonded bodies 10 include, at a grain boundary 11a between the plurality of tungsten carbide crystal grains 11, a chromium-concentrated region 12 which has a chromium concentration higher than that in the tungsten carbide crystal grains 11.

The present invention(s) is directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions exhibiting high volumetric capacitances, and methods of making the same. The present invention(s) is also directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions, methods of preparing transparent conductors using these materials, and products derived from these methods.

The present invention(s) is directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions exhibiting high volumetric capacitances, and methods of making the same. The present invention(s) is also directed to novel conductive M.sub.n+1X.sub.n(T.sub.s) compositions, methods of preparing transparent conductors using these materials, and products derived from these methods.