An object of the present invention is to provide an oxide solid electrolyte that is more excellent in ionic conductivity. In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a binder, a solid electrolyte layer, an active material, an electrode, and an all-solid state secondary battery.

The oxide solid electrolyte according to the present invention is an oxide solid electrolyte represented by General Formula (I).

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in General Formula (I), A represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Li and Na, X represents at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, S, N, H, Se, Te, C, P, Si, Al, Ga, In, Ge, As, Sb, and Sn, a represents the number of moles of each element represented by A and satisfies 1.75 < a < 2.45, b satisfies 3.75 < b <4.25, c satisfies 6.50 < c < 10.00, and d represents a total number of moles of elements represented by X and satisfies 0 < d < 0.50.

A method includes forming a solution comprising a solvent and at least two elements selected from: scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), one or more lanthanides, and one or more actinides. The method includes adding an effective amount of at least one polyoxometalate for forming complexes with at least one of the elements and adding an effective amount of a cation for causing precipitation of at least some of the complexes of one of the elements. Substantially all of another of the elements remains in solution during the precipitation of the at least some of the complexes of the one of the elements. A kit includes a polyoxometalate, a cation, and instructions for adding effective amounts of the polyoxometalate and the cation for separating at least two elements selected from the group consisting of: scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), one or more lanthanides, and one or more actinides via a precipitation reaction.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery is provided, which includes preparing a lithium composite transition metal oxide, and mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide and a metal borate compound and performing a heat treatment to form a coating portion on surfaces of particles of the lithium composite transition metal oxide. The positive electrode active material prepared includes lithium composite transition metal oxide particles, and a coating portion formed on surfaces of the lithium composite transition metal oxide particles, wherein the coating portion includes lithium (Li)-metal borate.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery is provided, which includes preparing a lithium composite transition metal oxide, and mixing the lithium composite transition metal oxide and a metal borate compound and performing a heat treatment to form a coating portion on surfaces of particles of the lithium composite transition metal oxide. The positive electrode active material prepared includes lithium composite transition metal oxide particles, and a coating portion formed on surfaces of the lithium composite transition metal oxide particles, wherein the coating portion includes lithium (Li)-metal borate.

A lubricant additive may be synthesized by forming a nanohybrid of a transition metal dichalcogenide and a metal borate, forming a base oil, and then dispersing the transition metal dichalcogenide into the base oil. An exemplary nanohybrid may be synthesized by forming a first solution by adding a borax solution to an aqueous solution of a metal source, forming a second solution by adding ethanol to the first solution, forming a mixture by mixing the transition metal dichalcogenide with the second solution, and heating the mixture at a temperature of 180° C. to 230° C. and a pressure of 5 to 20 bar under a nitrogen atmosphere.

The removal of acid gases (e.g., non-carbon dioxide acid gases) using sorbents that include salts in molten form, and related systems and methods, are generally described.

One or more methods are described for extracting boron. The one or more methods include combining a combination comprising an alcohol, an organic solvent and boron, with an aqueous solution comprising an alkali hydroxide so as to form an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The aqueous layer may be separated from the organic layer.

The removal of acid gases (e.g., non-carbon dioxide acid gases) using sorbents that include salts in molten form, and related systems and methods, are generally described.

The present invention relates to a process for modifying a layered double hydroxide (LDH), the process comprising, a. providing a water-wet layered double hydroxide of formula:
[M.sup.z+.sub.1-xM′.sup.y+.sub.x].sup.a+(X.sup.n−).sub.a/r.bH.sub.2O   (1) wherein M and M′ are metal cations, z=1 or 2; y=3 or 4, x is 0.1 to 1, preferably x<1, more preferably x=0.1-0.9, b is greater than 0 to 10, X is an anion, r is 1 to 3, n is the charge on the anion X and a is determined by x, y and z, preferably a=z(1-x)+xy-2; b. maintaining the layered double hydroxide water-wet, and c. contacting the water-wet layered double hydroxide with at least one solvent, the solvent being miscible with water and preferably having a solvent polarity (P′) in the range 3.8 to 9,
as well as to a layered double hydroxide prepared according to that process.

The present invention relates to a process for modifying a layered double hydroxide (LDH), the process comprising, a. providing a water-wet layered double hydroxide of formula:
[M.sup.z+.sub.1-xM′.sup.y+.sub.x].sup.a+(X.sup.n−).sub.a/r.bH.sub.2O   (1) wherein M and M′ are metal cations, z=1 or 2; y=3 or 4, x is 0.1 to 1, preferably x<1, more preferably x=0.1-0.9, b is greater than 0 to 10, X is an anion, r is 1 to 3, n is the charge on the anion X and a is determined by x, y and z, preferably a=z(1-x)+xy-2; b. maintaining the layered double hydroxide water-wet, and c. contacting the water-wet layered double hydroxide with at least one solvent, the solvent being miscible with water and preferably having a solvent polarity (P′) in the range 3.8 to 9,
as well as to a layered double hydroxide prepared according to that process.