High entropy alloy catalysts may be used for production of hydrogen. An example method of hydrogen production may include: introducing a hydrocarbon to a reactor, wherein the reactor contains therein a catalyst, wherein the reactor is substantially absent of oxygen and water, wherein the catalyst comprises a high entropy alloy and a catalyst support, wherein the catalyst is present in a form of a first plurality of particles, wherein the first plurality of particles is submicron-sized, wherein the high entropy alloy has an entropy, S, such that S12.47 J K.sup.1 mol.sup.1, and wherein the high entropy alloy comprises at least five of: iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, copper, zinc, titanium, chromium, vanadium, aluminum, gallium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, and bismuth; and reacting the hydrocarbon over the catalyst to produce solid carbon and hydrogen gas.

An apparatus for nitrogen generation for methanol powered maritime vehicles can include a compression system for compressing air and feeding compressed air to a separation unit for separation of nitrogen and oxygen from the compressed air. The nitrogen can be output from the separation unit for storage at an elevated pre-selected pressure suitable for feeding to a methanol engine of a maritime vehicle (e.g. a ship) for use in purging, leak testing, inerting, or other uses. Embodiments can be configured so there is no heat exchanger or booster compressor positioned between the separation unit and the nitrogen storage unit.

A method of treating a gas stream that includes: performing a first pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process generating a first H.sub.2-product gas and a first PSA tail gas from a first feed gas, the first PSA tail gas including a residual H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2; separating CO.sub.2 from the first PSA tail gas using a CO.sub.2 selective membrane, generating a CO.sub.2-rich permeate gas and a CO.sub.2-lean rejected gas; performing a second PSA process generating a second H.sub.2-product gas and a second PSA tail gas from a second feed gas, the second PSA tail gas including another residual H.sub.2; mixing the CO.sub.2-lean rejected gas and the second PSA tail gas to generate a mixed tail gas; and separating the residual H.sub.2 and the another residual H.sub.2 from the mixed tail gas using an H.sub.2 selective membrane, generating a recovered H.sub.2 permeate gas and a final rejected gas.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrogen production as well as apparatuses useful in such systems and methods. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon in a gas heated reformer that is heated using one or more streams comprising combustion products of a fuel in an oxidant, preferably in the presence of a carbon dioxide circulating stream.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrogen production as well as apparatuses useful in such systems and methods. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of a hydrocarbon in a gas heated reformer that is heated using one or more streams comprising combustion products of a fuel in an oxidant, preferably in the presence of a carbon dioxide circulating stream.

A process to purify helium from a feed gas stream containing a mixture of at least nitrogen, methane and helium including introducing the feed gas stream into a first helium membrane separation unit, thereby producing a first helium membrane permeate and a first helium membrane residue; introducing at least part of the first residue into a first nitrogen membrane separation unit thereby producing a first nitrogen membrane permeate stream; introducing a stream derived from the first helium membrane permeate into a hydrogen PSA unit thereby producing a helium rich product stream. Wherein a stream derived from the first nitrogen membrane permeate stream exits the system as a fuel gas product stream. Wherein the feed gas stream has a higher heating value, and wherein the first nitrogen membrane permeate stream has a higher heating value at least 5% higher than the higher heating value of the feed gas.

A hydrogen production system for producing a hydrogen gas product includes a geologic hydrogen source configured to provide a feedstock comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, and helium and purification equipment comprising two or more of: a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) device; a guard bed; a separation membrane; a reactive membrane; or a cryogenic separation device. The purification equipment is configured to receive the feedstock from the geologic hydrogen source and produce a hydrogen gas product, and production of the hydrogen gas product exhibits a carbon intensity score less than 3.0 kg CO.sub.2 eq/kg H.sub.2.

A method of treating a gas stream that includes: performing a first pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process generating a first H.sub.2-product gas and a first PSA tail gas from a first feed gas, the first PSA tail gas including a residual H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2; separating CO.sub.2 from the first PSA tail gas using a CO.sub.2 selective membrane, generating a CO.sub.2-rich permeate gas and a CO.sub.2-lean rejected gas; performing a second PSA process generating a second H.sub.2-product gas and a second PSA tail gas from a second feed gas, the second PSA tail gas including another residual H.sub.2; mixing the CO.sub.2-lean rejected gas and the second PSA tail gas to generate a mixed tail gas; and separating the residual H.sub.2 and the another residual H.sub.2 from the mixed tail gas using an H.sub.2 selective membrane, generating a recovered H.sub.2 permeate gas and a final rejected gas.

A low carbon-emission hydrogen production process may be achieved by first separating carbon dioxide from a reformer syngas stream, followed by separating the carbon dioxide-depleted syngas stream using a semi-permeable membrane to produce a hydrogen-enriched permeate and a hydrogen-depleted retentate. The hydrogen-enriched permeate is purified to produce a hydrogen product and a hydrogen-depleted tail gas stream. The hydrogen-depleted retentate stream may be recycled to the feed and the hydrogen-depleted tail gas stream may be used as fuel in the reformer burners.

A production system, production method and application of general-purpose high-purity chemicals are disclosed. The production system includes a raw material tank, and an adsorption system, a crystallizer, a first light-impurity removal tower, a first heavy-impurity removal tower, a second light-impurity removal tower, a motorized tower, a second heavy-impurity removal tower, a vapor permeation device, a membrane separation system and a filling system connected with the raw material tank in sequence. The high-purity chemicals produced by the above system have high purity and excellent quality. Compared with the prior art, the system and method designed by the present disclosure have more pertinence, integrity, progressiveness, energy-saving, precision, high safety coefficient and great industrial promotion value. And the products produced are of excellent quality, which can meet the standards applied to the manufacturing of integrated circuit electronic components and meet the high-end needs of the semiconductor industry market.