A water purifier includes: a raw water flow path; a purified water flow path connected to the raw water flow path; at least one filter provided in the purified water flow path and to filter raw water flowing along the purified water flow path; a washing water flow path connected to the raw water flow path; a washing water generator configured to electrolyze the raw water to generate washing water; an optical sensor to output a value according to a degree of generation of bubbles included in the washing water; and a controller to control the washing water generator and at least one valve provided in at least one of the raw water flow path, the purified water flow path, and the washing water flow path to perform a washing operation, and identify whether an error has occurred in the washing operation based on an output from the optical sensor.

A water purifier includes: a raw water flow path; a purified water flow path connected to the raw water flow path; at least one filter provided in the purified water flow path and to filter raw water flowing along the purified water flow path; a washing water flow path connected to the raw water flow path; a washing water generator configured to electrolyze the raw water to generate washing water; an optical sensor to output a value according to a degree of generation of bubbles included in the washing water; and a controller to control the washing water generator and at least one valve provided in at least one of the raw water flow path, the purified water flow path, and the washing water flow path to perform a washing operation, and identify whether an error has occurred in the washing operation based on an output from the optical sensor.

Copper-boron-ferrite (Cu—B—Fe) composites may be prepared and immobilized on graphite electrodes in a silica-based sol-gel, e.g., from rice husks. Different bimetallic loading ratios can produce fast in-situ electrogeneration of reactive oxygen species, H.sub.2O.sub.2 and .Math.OH, e.g., via droplet flow-assisted heterogeneous electro-Fenton reactor system. Loading ratios of, e.g., 10 to 30 wt. % Fe.sup.3+ and 5 to 15% wt. Cu.sup.2+, can improve the catalytic activities towards pharmaceutical beta blockers (atenolol and propranolol) degradation in water. Degradation efficiencies of at least 99.9% for both propranolol and atenolol in hospital wastewater were demonstrated. Radicals of .Math.OH in degradation indicate a surface mechanism at inventive cathodes with correlated contributions of iron and copper. Copper and iron can be embedded in porous graphite electrode surface and catalyze the conversion of H.sub.2O.sub.2 to .Math.OH to enhance the degradation. Inventive cathodes can be stable catalytically after 20 or more cycles under neutral and acidic conditions.

Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds in an effluent stream are destroyed by means of electro-oxidation. Although electro-oxidation can be used to directly treat effluent, a more efficient use is to pre-concentrate applicable pollutants with filters or sorbents. Concentrated perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds are removed from the filter or sorbent with a regenerant solution and treated by electro-oxidation. A current density of 0.5 mA/cm.sup.2 or 1 mA/cm.sup.2 effectively reduces the level of perfluorinated contaminants within 1-3 hr. using a titanium electrode. This allows both the regenerant and filter or sorbent to be reused and greatly reduces the amount of material that must be treated as hazardous waste.

Ozone generating machine (OGM) for generating ozone in a ship, comprising: an ozone generator with at least two electrodes separated by an ozonizing gap and at least a gas inlet for receiving a feed gas containing dioxygen, and a gas outlet for exhausting gas comprising ozone to an ozone circuit of the ship, a main liquid cooling circuit (CWP, CWT), with at least a cooling portion in the ozone generator, to be connected with a cooling circuit of a ship, a liquid-liquid heat exchanger (LLHEX) connected with the main liquid cooling circuit (CWP, CWT), and an electrical closed cabinet (ECB) comprising an electric current converter (ECV),
characterized in that the ozone generating machine (OGM) further comprises a closed loop cooling liquid circuit (CLC) comprising a converter liquid cooling portion (CECV) arranged to cool the electric current converter (ECV) and connected with the liquid-liquid heat exchanger (LLHEX).

An apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen containing water is disclosed. An aspect of the present disclosure may provide an apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen containing water, comprising: housing having first receiving space formed therein; cylinder coupled to the housing to form second receiving space; connecting passage penetrating the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and the second receiving space; ion exchange membrane closing the connecting passage; electrolysis part comprising an anode and a cathode, the anode being disposed in the first receiving space and the cathode being disposed in the second receiving space; exhaust pipe penetrating the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and an external space; and first waterproof membrane closing the exhaust pipe and inhibiting water from being discharged while allowing gas to be discharged.

A system for electrochemically enhanced water filtration is provided. The system includes: a chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell; a first cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell; and a second cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell. The first and the second pair are collectively operative to apply a 2D electric field in at least one of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction with respect to the chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to devices and methods for sterilizing objects using HOCl (hypochlorous acid). A variety of objects may be sterilized, including cups, plates, utensils, toys, medical equipment, etc., in various embodiments. In one set of embodiments, chloride ions (Cl.sup.−) in water may be reacted using an electric current to produce HOCl. In some cases, there may be sufficient Cl.sup.− in the water such that another source of CF is not required; for example, the water may be tap water containing some Cl.sup.−. In some cases, the water may be acidified to facilitate the production of HOCl, for example, by introducing CO.sub.2 into the water. The production of HOCl may occur relatively quickly, e.g., within a few minutes. This may allow devices to produce water that can be used to sterilize objects quickly and simply.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to devices and methods for sterilizing objects using HOCl (hypochlorous acid). A variety of objects may be sterilized, including cups, plates, utensils, toys, medical equipment, etc., in various embodiments. In one set of embodiments, chloride ions (Cl.sup.−) in water may be reacted using an electric current to produce HOCl. In some cases, there may be sufficient Cl.sup.− in the water such that another source of CF is not required; for example, the water may be tap water containing some Cl.sup.−. In some cases, the water may be acidified to facilitate the production of HOCl, for example, by introducing CO.sub.2 into the water. The production of HOCl may occur relatively quickly, e.g., within a few minutes. This may allow devices to produce water that can be used to sterilize objects quickly and simply.

An oil-contaminated soil and groundwater treatment system, in which the polluted groundwater pumped into the electrocatalytic device uses a high-voltage electric field to change the structure of water molecules. After high voltage discharge, electrocatalysis and electrolysis, alkaline reduced water, acidic oxidized water and neutral water can be quickly produced. By the oxidation effect of electrocatalytic device anode, chloride ions and dissolved oxygen in water generate hypochlorous acid and superoxide ions, and the interaction between the two generates hydroxyl radicals and microbubbles with high oxidizing ability and long-lasting oxidation, thereby effectively remediating soil and groundwater polluted by total petroleum hydrocarbons.