Provided is a method for producing a one-liquid stabilized hypobromous acid composition which contains substantially no bromate ions, has excellent sterilization performance, exhibits almost no corrosiveness relative to metals, and displays excellent storage stability. This method for producing the stabilized hypobromous acid composition includes a step in which a reaction is induced by adding, under an inert gas atmosphere, bromine to a mixed solution including water, an alkali hydroxide, and sulfamic acid, wherein the proportion of bromine added is not more than 25 wt % relative to the total weight of the composition.

A water treatment system includes an adsorbent bed, a halogen-release material downstream of, and adjacent to, the adsorbent bed, and a passive halogen barrier intermediate of the adsorbent bed and the halogen-release material.

A shower head for preventing bacteria formation in the shower head including multiple outlet nozzles each having a valve, where each of the valves is adapted to open when pressurized water flows into the shower head and to close when there is no pressurized water inflow such that residual water is held inside the shower head, a disinfectant means in fluid communication with the residual water, and means for preventing fluid communication of the disinfectant means with pressurized water flowing through the shower head.

Biocides produced in situ for various applications of use are disclosed. Methods of generating and feeding thereof for various applications of use are disclosed according to the invention. In an aspect, oxidizing, non-chlorinated halogenated biocides are provided.

A reverse osmosis membrane treatment system is provided with a first reverse osmosis membrane treatment device wherein water to be treated is passed through a first reverse osmosis membrane to obtain first permeate water and first concentrated water, and at least a second reverse osmosis membrane treatment device, wherein the first permeate water is passed through a second reverse osmosis membrane to obtain second permeate water and second concentrated water. The permeation flux per 1 MPa of effective pressure for the second reverse osmosis membrane is lower than the permeation flux per 1 MPa of effective pressure for the first reverse osmosis membrane, and the permeation flux per 1 MPa of effective pressure for the second reverse osmosis membrane is 0.5 m.sup.3/m.sup.2/d or less.

A floating dispenser having an external float or an internal float for supporting a cartridge or cartridges for floatingly delivering a dispersant or dispersants to a body of water with the floating dispenser having cartridges rotationally positionable with respect to one another to control the rate of dispensing while the dispenser floats in an upright condition with the floating dispenser changing its flotation orientation in response to consumption of the dispersant or dispersants in the a cartridge to thereby provide a visual alert to replace a spent cartridge with a fresh cartridge. In addition, the inventions described herein permit changing the dispensing nature of the system from a multiple dispensing system to a single dispensing system without changing the floating characteristics of the floating dispensers through replacement of a dispersant in one of the cartridges with an inert or ballast material that has no effect on the water characteristics.

A water treatment system includes an adsorbent bed, a halogen-release material downstream of, and adjacent to, the adsorbent bed, and a passive halogen barrier intermediate of the adsorbent bed and the halogen-release material.

Provided is a water treatment method with which, in a reverse osmosis membrane treatment conducted on water being treated that contains chlorine-based oxidants and/or bromine-based oxidants, or on water being treated that contains iodide ions, it is possible to suppress any deterioration in a reverse osmosis membrane and to suppress the formation of slime. This water treatment method includes a reverse osmosis membrane treatment, the water treatment method involving: adding, to water being treated that contains chlorine-based oxidants and/or bromine-based oxidants, 1 mol or more of iodide ions per mole of the free chlorine content and free bromine content of the water being treated; or adding, to water being treated that contains iodide ions, a chlorine-based oxidant and/or a bromine-based oxidant such that the free chlorine content and free bromine content reach 1 mol or less per mole of iodide ions in the water being treated.

Provided is a method for producing a one-liquid stabilized hypobromous acid composition which contains substantially no bromate ions, has excellent sterilization performance, exhibits almost no corrosiveness relative to metals, and displays excellent storage stability. This method for producing the stabilized hypobromous acid composition includes a step in which a reaction is induced by adding, under an inert gas atmosphere, bromine to a mixed solution including water, an alkali hydroxide, and sulfamic acid, wherein the proportion of bromine added is not more than 25 wt % relative to the total weight of the composition.

The disclosure pertains to sanitizing the permeate flow path of a reverse osmosis system. A method of sanitizing a filtration system is disclosed that can include injecting a biocide into a permeate compartment of an operating reverse osmosis system. The method can also include maintaining pressure in a concentrate compartment of the reverse osmosis system simultaneously while injecting the biocide.