A granular activated carbon (GAC) reactivation waste product enhanced activated sludge system for removing PFAS from a flow of wastewater and/or landfill includes at least one bioreactor including biomass to receive the flow wastewater and/or landfill leachate and to promote growth of biological flocs and an impregnation subsystem to receive a flow of biomass and a predetermined amount of GAC reactivation waste product and to blend the biomass with the GAC reactivation waste product to form GAC reactivation waste product-impregnated biological flocs. The at least one impregnation subsystem outputs a flow of GAC reactivation waste product-impregnated biological flocs to the bioreactor such that the GAC reactivation waste product-impregnated biological flocs in the bioreactor adsorb to and remove a majority of the PFAS from the flow of wastewater and/or landfill leachate and the bioreactor outputs a flow of GAC reactivation waste product-impregnated biological flocs having a majority of the PFAS adsorbed thereto and wastewater and/or landfill leachate having a majority of the PFAS removed. The system also includes at least one secondary clarifier coupled to the bioreactor which separates the GAC reactivation waste product-impregnated biological flocs having a majority of the PFAS adsorbed thereto from the wastewater and/or landfill leachate having a majority of the PFAS removed and produces a flow the treated wastewater and/or landfill leachate having a majority of the PFAS removed.

Provided herein are methods, systems, and apparatuses for energy-efficient supercritical water oxidation of waste. The supercritical water oxidation processes and systems described herein may incorporate one or more of the following features: compression of large amounts of oxidant for plant-scale operations in an energy-efficient manner; the use of air as an oxidant; using reactor effluent to drive a turbine or other gas expander for energy recovery; and recovery of pressure and heat of reactor effluent. In some embodiments, the systems and methods are energy-neutral or energy-positive.

An integrated energy system comprising a power plant including at least one nuclear reactor and an electrical power generation system, the at least one nuclear reactor being configured to generate steam, and a supercritical water oxidation system operably coupled to the power plant. The supercritical water oxidation system including a desalination plant configured to produce first water and brine, a chlor-alkali membrane process configured to receive the brine and produce at least a Sodium Hydroxide solution, a reactor configured to receive the first water, the steam, and the Sodium Hydroxide solution to produce a reactor solution and a solid waste, and a separator configured to receive the reactor solution and produce Carbon Dioxide and second water.

Provided herein are methods, systems, and apparatuses for energy-efficient supercritical water oxidation of waste. The supercritical water oxidation processes and systems described herein may incorporate one or more of the following features: compression of large amounts of oxidant for plant-scale operations in an energy-efficient manner; the use of air as an oxidant; using reactor effluent to drive a turbine or other gas expander for energy recovery; and recovery of pressure and heat of reactor effluent. In some embodiments, the systems and methods are energy-neutral or energy-positive.

A system for on-line monitoring of a supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process, the system including an SCWO reactor, a feedstock supply line which supplies a feedstock to the SCWO reactor, an oxidant supply line which supplies an oxidant to the SCWO reactor, at least one sensor which measures at least one parameter of the feedstock and the oxidant, and a controller which determines a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and a Heating Value (HV) of the feedstock based on the at least one parameter, such that the controller adjusts the amount of the oxidant supplied to the SCWO reactor based upon the COD and the HV of the feedstock.