Methods for treating phosphogypsum-containing water are disclosed. The water may be treated so as to promote precipitation of one or more target constituents and to facilitate downstream membrane treatment. A coagulant may be added to promote phosphate recovery. Related systems are also disclosed.

A calcium fluoride precipitation inhibitor is added to waste water containing sulfuric acid, fluorine (fluoride ions and hydrogen fluoride) and heavy metal ions to generate pretreated water. A calcium compound is added to the pretreated water to generate a first insolubilized product at a pH of less than 5, followed by solid-liquid separation. A calcium compound is added to a first separated water after the solid-liquid separation to generate a second insolubilized product at a pH of 3 to 7 (provided that the pH is a pH higher than in the first reaction step), followed by solid-liquid separation. An alkali is added to a second separated water after the solid-liquid separation to give a pH of 8 or more, thereby generating a third insolubilized product, followed by solid-liquid separation.

The invention relates to a method for treating fluoride-containing, in particular HF containing wastewater to remove fluoride and to a corresponding apparatus. In the new method calcium carbonate is reacted in a reaction step at an acidic pH≤4 with the fluoride in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles. Then, in a subsequent filtration step said calcium fluoride particles are separated by a porous membrane from the treated wastewater. The inventive apparatus comprises at least one reaction container/tank for reacting calcium carbonate at an acidic pH≤4 with fluoride in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles, as well as at least one porous membrane, in particular at least one porous ceramic membrane for separating calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater in a filtration step.

Fabricating a hybrid sorbent media includes contacting a porous material with a first aqueous solution including phosphate ions to yield a first mixture, contacting the first mixture with a second aqueous solution comprising calcium ions to yield a second mixture, and adjusting a pH of the second mixture to form hydroxyapatite inside the porous media to yield the hybrid sorbent media.

Methods for processing pretreated phosphogypsum wastewater are disclosed. The pretreated wastewater may be subjected to electrodialysis involving at least one monovalent cation selective membrane. Further downstream membrane treatment may be applied. Upstream precipitation and air-stripping techniques may optionally also be employed. Related systems are also disclosed.

Methods for processing pretreated phosphogypsum wastewater are disclosed. Precipitation of select constituents may be promoted to control a hardness level of the pretreated wastewater. Ammonia may then be removed from the process stream via reverse osmosis. A membrane contactor and/or polishing unit(s) may optionally be used. Related systems are also disclosed.

Methods and systems for removal of ions from aqueous fluids are provided. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of removing one or more oxyanions from an aqueous fluid, including the steps of contacting an aqueous fluid containing oxyanions with an aluminum metal whereby aluminum ions are released from the aluminum metal into the aqueous fluid, wherein the one or more oxyanions in the aqueous fluid react with the aluminum ions to form one or more ettringites; controlling a rate of release of the aluminum ions from the aluminum metal; and removing at least a portion of precipitated ettringites from the aqueous fluid.

Methods for treating water containing a target anion to remove the target anion can include preparing a treatment composition solution that contains a metal treatment agent, adjusting the treatment composition solution to a first pH that is alkaline and then to a second pH that is acidic, and contacting the treatment composition solution with the water that contains the target anion.

Methods are disclosed for treating water containing a target anion to remove the target anion. The methods can include preparing a treatment composition solution that contains a metal treatment agent, adjusting the treatment composition solution to a first pH that is alkaline and then to a second pH that is acidic, and contacting the treatment composition solution with the water that contains the target anion.

The embodiments disclose a method including bottling alcoholic beverages with selected ingredients including alcohol neutral spirits, alcohol and whisky, beer, wine, ingredients to add flavors and nutritional additive ingredients to benefit the health of an alcoholic beverage drinker, wherein a selection of alcohols includes vodka, tequila, gin, rum, brandy and other alcoholic spirits, wherein a selection of ingredients to add flavors includes flavorings including fruit flavorings, an artificial sweetener, and natural sweetener, wherein a selection of nutritional additive ingredients includes vitamins, minerals, fulvic acid, humic acid, ulmic acid and a purified and sanitized black water with humic acid and fulvic acid molecules in a mixed solution, and wherein bottling includes a bottling electronic monitoring, at least one control network, at least one bottling quality control process and a bottling labeling and packaging process and devices.