A light emitting device (1) is provided that can be used in various contexts, including the context of realizing an anti-fouling action on surfaces. The light emitting device (1) comprises light emitting units (10) being arranged in a plane filling pattern (20) for covering at least a substantial portion of a surface. Individual light emitting units (10) are electrically interconnected through connection areas (12, 13) as present on the light emitting units (10) for providing electrical access to an internal electrical circuit (11) thereof, wherein the light emitting units (10) overlap at the positions of at least portions of the connection areas (12, 13) thereof. Further, it may be so that at least one of the connection areas (12, 13) of the individual light emitting units (10) is electrically connected simultaneously to respective connection areas (12, 13) of at least two other light emitting units (10).

A method of monitoring light output from at least one solid-state light source involves sensing any light produced by the at least one solid-state light source and reflected, by at least one surface spaced apart from the at least one solid-state light source, to at least one reference location spaced apart from the at least one surface. Apparatuses and uses of the apparatuses are also disclosed.

A fluid sterilization apparatus according to an embodiment includes a tubular portion; a supply head provided at one end of the tubular portion; a discharge head provided at the other end of the tubular portion; a holder provided on the discharge head; a window provided on the discharge head and one surface of which is exposed to a flow path provided in the discharge head; a board provided on a surface of the holder on a side of the window; a light-emitting element provided on the board and allowed to irradiate the window with ultraviolet rays; and a heat insulating portion which is provided between the discharge head and the holder and has a lower thermal conductivity than a thermal conductivity of the holder.

The invention provides a photoreactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein: (i) the reactor (30) is a tubular reactor (130), and wherein the reactor wall (35) defines the tubular reactor (130); (ii) the tubular reactor (130) is configured in a tubular arrangement (1130); (iii) the photoreactor assembly (1) further comprises a light source arrangement (1010) comprising a plurality of light sources (10) configured to generate the light source radiation (11), wherein the reactor wall (35) is configured in a radiation receiving relationship with the plurality of light sources (10); and (iv) one or more of the tubular arrangement (1130) and the light source arrangement (1010) defines a polygon (50).

Water disinfecting modules, water supply systems, methods of assembling a water supply system as well as method of disinfecting water are provided. The water disinfecting module includes a frame, hot and cold water flow switches and hot and cold UV treatment modules is provided. The frame supports a hot and cold water inlets and hot and cold water outlets. Hot and cold water flow switches are fluidly interposed between the respective inlets and outlets for sensing water flow. Hot and cold water UV treatment modules are fluidly interposed between corresponding inlets and outlets and are coupled to flow switches for activation upon sensing of water flow. All of the components are supported by the frame to form a complete unit. The systems and methods incorporate the use of such a water disinfecting module.

A green red blue (GRB) LED is used to emit electromagnetic radiation to treat water or a nutrient for plant growth enrichment. In addition to the LED, a cavity resonator is used to resonate with background electromagnetic radiation and direct the electromagnetic radiation to treat water or a nutrient for plant growth enrichment.

A UV reactor irradiates a flow of fluid with UV radiation. The reactor comprises: a fluid conduit defined by a heat conducting conduit body comprising one or more heat conducting walls for permitting a flow of fluid therethrough; a UV-LED operatively connected to a PCB and oriented for directing radiation into the fluid conduit. The PCB comprises a heat conducting substrate having a first surface. The conduit body is in thermal contact with the first surface of the heat conducting substrate. Heat is dissipated from the UV-LED via the heat conducting substrate, the thermal contact between the first surface of the heat conducting substrate and the heat conducting conduit body, and from the one or more heat conducting walls of the heat conducting conduit body to the fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

Provided is an ultraviolet (UV) light source. The UV light source includes: a substrate coupled to an upper housing; a light-emitting diode (LED) package on the substrate; and a waterproof coating layer on at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the LED package includes: an LED chip configured to generate UV light; and a transparent layer including a lower surface facing the LED chip, an upper surface opposite to the lower surface, and a lateral surface connecting the upper surface to the lower surface, wherein at least a portion of the upper surface of the transparent layer is exposed from the waterproof coating layer, and the transparent layer is configured to directly contact a sterilization-target fluid.

A water treatment device comprising a clear container with lid surrounded by a solar reflector, and an insert in the form of a thin sheet or mesh permanently coated with titanium dioxide as a water sanitizing catalyst. The container is filled with non-potable water, covered with the lid, and placed in direct sunlight. Direct and reflected sunlight enters the water through the clear container and lid, where the sunlight's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and increased solar thermal heat disinfect the water. Further, the catalyst on the insert reacts with dissolved oxygen in the water to produce reactive oxygen species. These reactive species react with and decompose organic compounds in the water, and kill or inactivate pathogens. In addition, the reactive oxygen species further react with the water itself to produce additional free radical species, which also react with and decompose organic compounds and kill or inactivate pathogens.

The invention provides a photoreactor assembly (1) comprising a reactor (30), wherein the reactor (30) is configured for hosting a fluid (100) to be treated with light source radiation (11) selected from one or more of UV radiation, visible radiation, and IR radiation, wherein the reactor (30) comprises a reactor wall (35) which is transmissive for the light source radiation (11), wherein the photoreactor assembly (1) further comprises: a light source arrangement (1010) comprising a plurality of light sources (10) configured to generate the light source radiation (11), wherein the reactor wall (35) is configured in a radiation receiving relationship with the plurality of light sources (10); one or more fluid transport channels (7) configured in functional contact with one or more of (i) the reactor (30) and (ii) one or more of the plurality of light sources (10); a cooling system (90) configured to transport a cooling fluid (91) through the one or more fluid transport channels (7).