Electromagnetic radiation is applied to reactive materials in a reaction chamber including side by side volumes where the probability of interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with the reactant materials is increased by using multiple reflections and where the reaction chamber includes a plurality of pairs of opposed reflective surfaces. At least 50% and more preferably at least 80% or 90% of the reflections from the reflective surfaces are specular reflections and one or both of the reflective surfaces of each pair is a concave mirror. The pairs are arranged side by side so that radiation escaping through a side of one volume enters a side of a next adjacent volume.

A fluid filtration apparatus, which includes a plurality of optical fibers each having a length, wherein one or more of the plurality of optical fibers exhibits frustrated total internal reflection, thereby emitting light along the length of one or more of the optical fibers, in combination with a photocatalyst disposed on the plurality of optical fibers and a light source interconnected to the plurality of optical fibers.

The invention relates to an irradiation chamber (300) for a liquid purification apparatus using ultraviolet light irradiation against the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, comprising an inlet portion (302), an outlet portion (303), and a main portion (301) having an elongated shape, the irradiation chamber (300) having an internal surface defining an cavity, the irradiation chamber (300) being provided with ultraviolet light emitting means configured to irradiate liquid in the irradiation chamber (300) with ultraviolet light, the main portion (301) having a shape enlarged compared to the inlet portion (302). The internal surface of the irradiation chamber (300) defining the cavity is a three dimensional rounded surface, having no edge which forms a recess. The invention also relates to a liquid purification apparatus and to a beverage dispenser.

Methods and systems for reducing microbial contamination and growth in an automotive HVAC system by irradiating one or more air contacting surfaces of the HVAC system with antimicrobial UV-C light.

A fluid filtration apparatus, which includes a plurality of optical fibers each having a length, wherein one or more of the plurality of optical fibers exhibits frustrated total internal reflection, thereby emitting light along the length of one or more of the optical fibers, in combination with a photocatalyst disposed on the plurality of optical fibers and a light source interconnected to the plurality of optical fibers.

A fluid disinfecting system includes a straight fluid directing conduit and a light source disposed on a side of the fluid directing conduit. The light source is operative to emit ultraviolet light into the fluid directing conduit, such that one or more cross sections of said fluid directing conduit are saturated with ultraviolet light. Any fluid passing through the fluid directing conduit is necessarily exposed to the ultraviolet light.

A fluid filtration apparatus, which includes a plurality of optical fibers each having a length, wherein one or more of the plurality of optical fibers exhibits frustrated total internal reflection, thereby emitting light along the length of one or more of the optical fibers, in combination with a photocatalyst disposed on the plurality of optical fibers and a light source interconnected to the plurality of optical fibers.

A system including a tube for transferring fluid, a fiber optic cable that extends through an interior of the tube, and a light source configured to project high intensity narrow spectrum light into the fiber optic cable.

A coated optical fiber includes a polymeric side-emitting optical fiber, a cladding along a length of the polymeric side-emitting optical fiber, an electrically conductive nanomaterial in contact with the cladding, and a coating over the cladding. The coating includes a photocatalyst.