A laminate includes a first glass article having a first thickness, a first annealing point (T.sub.A1), and a first softening point (T.sub.S1), a second glass article having a second thickness, a second annealing point (T.sub.A2), and a second softening point (T.sub.S2), and an interlayer disposed between the first glass article and the second glass article. The first thickness is greater than the second thickness, the second annealing point (T.sub.A2) is less than or equal to the first annealing point (T.sub.A1), and the second softening point (T.sub.S2) is greater than the first softening point (T.sub.S1).

The insulated glass unit (IGU) that replicates a historic glass window includes a single simulated divided light glass pane, a low-e glass layer, and spacer grills disposed therebetween. True divided light glass window panes are scanned to obtain surface characteristic data, subsequently used to design a pane that includes slumped areas corresponding to the unique topological characteristics of antique glass, separated by flat areas. The flat surfaces provide for sealing the IGU with the spacer grills, while the optics of the original historic glass are preserved via the slumped areas. A mold of the designed pane is then 3D printed in furan resin sand, and a glass layer is melted over the mold to create a one-piece pane that includes the antique features. Accurate replication of these windows enables historic building renovation with modern insulated windows with less sealing while retaining the original appearance, providing improvements in longevity and efficiency.

The insulated glass unit (IGU) that replicates a historic glass window includes a single simulated divided light glass pane, a low-e glass layer, and spacer grills disposed therebetween. True divided light glass window panes are scanned to obtain surface characteristic data, subsequently used to design a pane that includes slumped areas corresponding to the unique topological characteristics of antique glass, separated by flat areas. The flat surfaces provide for sealing the IGU with the spacer grills, while the optics of the original historic glass are preserved via the slumped areas. A mold of the designed pane is then 3D printed in furan resin sand, and a glass layer is melted over the mold to create a one-piece pane that includes the antique features. Accurate replication of these windows enables historic building renovation with modern insulated windows with less sealing while retaining the original appearance, providing improvements in longevity and efficiency.

A sheet of glass can be formed in a batch process by introducing molten glass onto a layer of molten tin within a tank. The tank may be outfitted with infrared emitters to control the amount of heat delivered to the tank while the sheet of glass is formed. A lower surface of the tank can have a three-dimensional shape, and the molten tin may be removed from the tank while the sheet of glass is ductile so that the sheet of glass is molded by the three-dimensional shape, thereby producing a shaped sheet of glass. The delivery of infrared energy to the tank may be facilitated by one or more ceramic glass surface.

Embodiments of a laminate including a first curved glass substrate comprising a first viscosity (poises) at a temperature of 630 C.; a second curved glass substrate comprising a second viscosity that is greater than the first viscosity at a temperature of 630 C.; and an interlayer disposed between the first curved glass substrate and the second curved glass substrate, are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the first curved glass substrate exhibits a first sag depth that is within 10% of a second sag depth of the second curved glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the first glass substrate and the second glass substrate exhibit a shape deviation therebetween of about 5 mm or less as measured by an optical three-dimensional scanner or exhibit minimal optical distortion. Embodiments of vehicles including such laminates and methods for making such laminates are also disclosed.

Embodiments of a laminate including a first curved glass substrate comprising a first viscosity (poises) at a temperature of 630 C.; a second curved glass substrate comprising a second viscosity that is greater than the first viscosity at a temperature of 630 C.; and an interlayer disposed between the first curved glass substrate and the second curved glass substrate, are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the first curved glass substrate exhibits a first sag depth that is within 10% of a second sag depth of the second curved glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the first glass substrate and the second glass substrate exhibit a shape deviation therebetween of about 5 mm or less as measured by an optical three-dimensional scanner or exhibit minimal optical distortion. Embodiments of vehicles including such laminates and methods for making such laminates are also disclosed.

A sag-assist articulated tooling apparatus is described for complex, non-developable thin glass bending. The tooling apparatus employs a double-axis articulation design which introduces controllable external force in addition to glass gravity itself. The tooling apparatus described an articulated section along the primary bending direction and an articulated section along the cross bending direction. Each articulated section may include a hinge tower, counterweight, swing stopper, and counterweight stopper.

Provided is a method of thermoforming a molding material to have a bent portion and a flat portion extending from the bent portion. The method includes: placing the molding material on a bending mold, the bending mold having a curved surface; and forming the bent portion of the molding material by heating a portion of the molding material at least to a fluidization temperature such that the portion of the molding material bends due to the weight of the flat portion of the molding material to form the bent portion according to a shape of the bending mold.

Provided is a method of thermoforming a molding material to have a bent portion and a flat portion extending from the bent portion. The method includes: placing the molding material on a bending mold, the bending mold having a curved surface; and forming the bent portion of the molding material by heating a portion of the molding material at least to a fluidization temperature such that the portion of the molding material bends due to the weight of the flat portion of the molding material to form the bent portion according to a shape of the bending mold.

A glass article including a first main surface, a second main surface, and an end face, in which: the glass article includes an antiglare layer on the first main surface side; the antiglare layer has a glass transition point Tg of equal to or less than a glass transition point Tg.sub.0 of the glass article at a center portion in a cross section along a thickness direction; and the first main surface has a protrusion diameter y (m) that satisfies the relation (1) with respect to a 60 specular gloss (gloss value) x (%) of the first main surface,

y>0.0245x+3.65(1).