Air pollution includes emissions from two sources: fixed sources and moving sources. A fixed source could be an electric power generation facility or a lime kiln. A moving source can be a tail pipe such as one on an automobile. The fixed source's emissions are redirected downward into a depleted hydrocarbon reserve through an injection well. The moving source is attached to a Carbonator which takes calcium oxide from the lime kiln and carbon dioxide from the moving source to produce calcium carbonate. This removes two sources of air pollution, first the use of the Carbonator system to remove Carbon Dioxide Emissions into the Atmosphere as described in the Application and secondly the total injection of all smokestack effluents into depleted reservoirs, removing the smokestack and in an electrical generating station HVDC transmission lines are run to the displaced smokestack, and is thus a solution to air pollution.

Process and apparatus is disclosed for providing a chemical reaction between calcium oxide containing grit particles to produce calcium hydroxide and heat, capturing the heat of hydration and using it to preheat water initially at ambient temperature, to rise to an elevated temperature to increase the amount of lime present in the water to a supersaturated lime suspension level, with the chemical reaction running to completion, followed by cooling. Heat from a water jacket may be used to raise the temperature in the lime slaker. A process and apparatus is also provided for dissolving scale on internal surfaces of a lime slaker, a lime aging tank, grit separation device and piping and dosing sub-systems, by adding acid into the system with rinse water. A pressurized delivery system that is substantially closed to the atmosphere delivers treating doses of slaked lime slurry under sufficient pressure conditions to maintain a relatively constant back pressure, by means of valving.

Process and apparatus is disclosed for providing a chemical reaction between calcium oxide containing grit particles to produce calcium hydroxide and heat, capturing the heat of hydration and using it to preheat water initially at ambient temperature, to rise to an elevated temperature to increase the amount of lime present in the water to a supersaturated lime suspension level, with the chemical reaction running to completion, followed by cooling. Heat from a water jacket may be used to raise the temperature in the lime slaker. A process and apparatus is also provided for dissolving scale on internal surfaces of a lime slaker, a lime aging tank, grit separation device and piping and dosing sub-systems, by adding acid into the system with rinse water. A pressurized delivery system that is substantially closed to the atmosphere delivers treating doses of slaked lime slurry under sufficient pressure conditions to maintain a relatively constant back pressure, by means of valving.

Methods and systems are described for recovering carbon dioxide, for producing commercial quality carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) of 90% to +99% purity using, wet calcium carbonate lime mud produced in a recausticizing process that also produces caustic soda, for instance, Kraft paper pulp mill lime mud (a.k.a., lime mud) as a feedstock to a multi-stage lime mud calcination process. High reactivity, high-quality calcined lime mud (a.k.a. re-burned lime, or calcine), required in the Kraft paper pulp mill's recausticizing process is also produced, and superheated high pressure steam and hot boiler feed-water is generated and exported to the mill's steam distribution and generation system as well as hot process water for use in the mill's manufacturing operation. The system for calcining calcium carbonate lime mud produced from a recausticizing manufacturing operation and converting it to calcined lime mud and CO.sub.2 comprises a calciner and a combustor linked by a moving media heat transfer (MMHT) system or apparatus. The MMHT system or apparatus thermally links separate fluid bed combustion (exothermic) and calcination (endothermic) stages with a solid particulate media. The system further comprises a flash dryer or spray dryer that utilizes exhausted enthalpy from the calcination stage.

Methods and systems are described for recovering carbon dioxide, for producing commercial quality carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) of 90% to +99% purity using, wet calcium carbonate lime mud produced in a recausticizing process that also produces caustic soda, for instance, Kraft paper pulp mill lime mud (a.k.a., lime mud) as a feedstock to a multi-stage lime mud calcination process. High reactivity, high-quality calcined lime mud (a.k.a. re-burned lime, or calcine), required in the Kraft paper pulp mill's recausticizing process is also produced, and superheated high pressure steam and hot boiler feed-water is generated and exported to the mill's steam distribution and generation system as well as hot process water for use in the mill's manufacturing operation. The system for calcining calcium carbonate lime mud produced from a recausticizing manufacturing operation and converting it to calcined lime mud and CO.sub.2 comprises a calciner and a combustor linked by a moving media heat transfer (MMHT) system or apparatus. The MMHT system or apparatus thermally links separate fluid bed combustion (exothermic) and calcination (endothermic) stages with a solid particulate media. The system further comprises a flash dryer or spray dryer that utilizes exhausted enthalpy from the calcination stage.

Process for manufacturing highly porous slake lime comprising a feeding step of quicklime, a feeding step of water in a feeding zone of a hydrator, a slaking step of said quicklime in a slaking zone of said hydrator and a maturation step in a maturation zone of said hydrator to form slaked lime.

Process for manufacturing highly porous slake lime comprising a feeding step of quicklime, a feeding step of water in a feeding zone of a hydrator, a slaking step of said quicklime in a slaking zone of said hydrator and a maturation step in a maturation zone of said hydrator to form slaked lime.

A lime slaker system for converting quicklime to a lime slurry includes: a lime feeder; a base slaker that includes a slaking chamber and a dilution chamber; a grit remover; and a modular water panel with a piping assembly in fluid communication with at least the base slaker and grit remover. The modular water panel is configured to independently control water distributed to the slaking compartment, the dilution chamber, and the grit remover.

A lime slaker system for converting quicklime to a lime slurry includes: a lime feeder; a base slaker that includes a slaking chamber and a dilution chamber; a grit remover; and a modular water panel with a piping assembly in fluid communication with at least the base slaker and grit remover. The modular water panel is configured to independently control water distributed to the slaking compartment, the dilution chamber, and the grit remover.

A method of heating solids in a reactor to produce a heat-treated material, such as a cementitious, a supplementary cementitious, or a pozzolanic material, includes conveying the solids through the reactor from a feeding end to a discharge end so as to form a material bed extending from the feeding end to the discharge end; heating the solids during the conveying to at least 600 C. to transform the solids into the heat-treated material, wherein the heating includes applying radiative heating to the material bed from above and/or from the sides, wherein the radiative heating contributes at least 60% of the thermal energy needed for the heating, and wherein the material bed is mobilized during the conveying in order to renew the surface of the material bed that is exposed to the radiative heating.