The present invention relates to the process of producing artificial aggregate from tailings from ore dams. The iron ore sandy tailings are mixed with a binder and, through the mixing and pelletizing process, form the artificial aggregate. The artificial aggregate produced has a spheroidal shape, a large size, a rough surface and a color that ranges between pink and dark red. This artificial aggregate is able to replace the natural aggregate, and can be used in the manufacture of a more resistant concrete, for the base and sub-base of roads, as a decorative element for gardens and beds, in addition to being a form of storage of ore dam tailings in the form of pellets, adding value to these tailings and reducing the environmental mining impacts.

Various examples related to portland cement manufacturing using municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash are provided. In one example, a method includes providing a raw kiln feed including MSWI to a kiln, forming ash-amended clinker (ACK) by heating the raw kiln feed in the kiln, and preparing ash-amended cement (AAC) from the ACK. The MSWI bottom ash can make up about 5% by mass or less of the raw kiln feed. The ACK can have a chemical composition that meets ASTM C150/ASTM C595, and the AAC can include arsenic, barium, copper, and lead consistent with defined Soil Cleanup Target Levels. In another example, a system includes a kiln, a kiln feed system that supplies raw kiln feed including MSWI bottom ash to the kiln, and a finish mill that grinds ACK formed by heating the raw kiln feed in the kiln to form AAC.

Various examples related to portland cement manufacturing using municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash are provided. In one example, a method includes providing a raw kiln feed including MSWI to a kiln, forming ash-amended clinker (ACK) by heating the raw kiln feed in the kiln, and preparing ash-amended cement (AAC) from the ACK. The MSWI bottom ash can make up about 5% by mass or less of the raw kiln feed. The ACK can have a chemical composition that meets ASTM C150/ASTM C595, and the AAC can include arsenic, barium, copper, and lead consistent with defined Soil Cleanup Target Levels. In another example, a system includes a kiln, a kiln feed system that supplies raw kiln feed including MSWI bottom ash to the kiln, and a finish mill that grinds ACK formed by heating the raw kiln feed in the kiln to form AAC.

A clinker that has a total content of C.sub.3A and C.sub.4AF of 22 to 40 mass %, calculated according to Bogue's formulas, and an iron modulus of 0.8 to 1.3 is pulverized with gypsum. Alternatively, the clinker after pulverization is mixed with gypsum powder. A pulverization agent comprising N-methyl-di-ethanol-amine and/or di-ethanol-isopropanol-amine is used in the pulverization.

A clinker that has a total content of C.sub.3A and C.sub.4AF of 22 to 40 mass %, calculated according to Bogue's formulas, and an iron modulus of 0.8 to 1.3 is pulverized with gypsum. Alternatively, the clinker after pulverization is mixed with gypsum powder. A pulverization agent comprising N-methyl-di-ethanol-amine and/or di-ethanol-isopropanol-amine is used in the pulverization.

What is shown and described is a concrete element including a core concrete layer and a face concrete layer, the face concrete layer being obtained by compacting and hardening a mixture containing a latent hydraulic binder and/or a pozzolanic binder, water, a granular material and an alkaline hardener, with the granular material having, at a screen hole width of 2 mm, a through fraction from 35.5 wt. % to 99.5 wt. % and, at a screen hole width of 0.25 mm, a through fraction from 2.5 wt. % to 33.5 wt. %, each based on the total weight of the granular material.

A lime-based cement extender composition, and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the lime-based cement extender composition includes 5-20% by weight lime particles, 40-50% by weight limestone particles, and 40-50% by weight pozzolan particles. Additionally or alternatively, the lime-based cement extender composition can comprise a calcium oxide concentration of 45-65%, a magnesium oxide concentration of 0.5-2%, an iron oxide concentration of 0.5-2.0%, an aluminum oxide concentration of 2-8%, a silicon dioxide concentration of 20-40%, a potassium oxide concentration of 20,000-30,000 ppm, and a sodium oxide concentration of 10,000-20,000 ppm. In some embodiments, the lime-based cement extender composition, or product, is combined with cement to produce a cement blend for use in the mining industry as mine backfill.

A lime-based cement extender composition, and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the lime-based cement extender composition includes 5-20% by weight lime particles, 40-50% by weight limestone particles, and 40-50% by weight pozzolan particles. Additionally or alternatively, the lime-based cement extender composition can comprise a calcium oxide concentration of 45-65%, a magnesium oxide concentration of 0.5-2%, an iron oxide concentration of 0.5-2.0%, an aluminum oxide concentration of 2-8%, a silicon dioxide concentration of 20-40%, a potassium oxide concentration of 20,000-30,000 ppm, and a sodium oxide concentration of 10,000-20,000 ppm. In some embodiments, the lime-based cement extender composition, or product, is combined with cement to produce a cement blend for use in the mining industry as mine backfill.

A method for grinding a solid in a vertical roller mill (VRM), comprising grinding at least one solid in the presence of a grinding stabilizing additive, wherein the grinding stabilizing additive comprises an alkanol amino acid compound or a disodium or dipotassium salt thereof having the structural formula (I): The definitions of variables R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are provided herein. ##STR00001##

A method for grinding a solid in a vertical roller mill (VRM), comprising grinding at least one solid in the presence of a grinding stabilizing additive, wherein the grinding stabilizing additive comprises an alkanol amino acid compound or a disodium or dipotassium salt thereof having the structural formula (I): The definitions of variables R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are provided herein. ##STR00001##