Compounds are generally provided, which may be particularly used to form a layer in a coating system. In one embodiment, the compound may have the formula: A.sub.xB.sub.bLn.sub.1-x-bHf.sub.1-t-dTi.sub.tD.sub.dMO.sub.6, where: A is Al, Ga, In, Sc, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Fe, Cr, Co, Mn, Bi, or a mixture thereof; x is about 0.01 to about 0.99; b is 0 to about 0.5, with 1-x-b being 0 to about 0.99 such that Ln is present in the compound; Ln is a rare earth or a mixture thereof that is different than A; t is 0 to about 0.99; D is Zr, Ce, Ge, Si, or a mixture thereof; d is 0 to about 0.5; the sum of t and d is less than 1 such that Hf is present in the compound; and M is Ta, Nb, or a mixture thereof.

The invention relates to a process of selectively treating parts of the surface of a porous dental ceramic comprising the steps of a) providing a composition and a porous dental ceramic having an outer surface, b) applying the composition to only a part of the outer surface of the porous dental ceramic, c) optionally drying the porous dental ceramic, and d) optionally firing the porous dental ceramic, wherein the composition comprises—a liquid being miscible with water, but not being water, —a whitening agent comprising nano-sized metal oxide particles, metal ion containing components or mixtures thereof which precipitate if the composition is adjusted to a pH above 5, —acid, complexing agent or mixture thereof. The invention also relates to a dental ceramic article obtainable by a process.

An oxidation protection system disposed on a substrate is provided, which may comprise a base layer comprising a first pre-slurry composition comprising a first phosphate glass composition, and/or a sealing layer comprising a second pre-slurry composition comprising a second phosphate glass composition and a strengthening compound comprising boron nitride, a metal oxide, and/or silicon carbide.

A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

A method of manufacturing a metal-coated member includes: providing a composite ceramic member including a ceramic part, and a connection part connected to the ceramic part; disposing a precious metal layer on a surface region that includes at least a portion of a surface of the ceramic part and a portion of a surface of the connection part, the precious metal layer including a precious metal; and removing at least a portion of the precious metal layer that is on the surface of the ceramic part and delineated by the boundary between the ceramic part and the connection part. The connection part has stronger adhesion to the precious metal than the ceramic part.

A method of manufacturing a metal-coated member includes: providing a composite ceramic member including a ceramic part, and a connection part connected to the ceramic part; disposing a precious metal layer on a surface region that includes at least a portion of a surface of the ceramic part and a portion of a surface of the connection part, the precious metal layer including a precious metal; and removing at least a portion of the precious metal layer that is on the surface of the ceramic part and delineated by the boundary between the ceramic part and the connection part. The connection part has stronger adhesion to the precious metal than the ceramic part.

Methods for embedding photocatalytic titanium dioxide in concrete surfaces to reduce pollutants via photocatalytic reactions are provided herein. One method includes mixing a solvent compound with an anatase titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) photocatalyst, applying an amount of concrete treatment compound to an upper surface of the concrete, the concrete treatment compound comprising a mixture of a liquid carrier compound with the anatase titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) photocatalyst.

An oxidation protection system disposed on a substrate is provided, which may comprise a base layer comprising a first pre-slurry composition comprising a first phosphate glass composition, and/or a sealing layer comprising a second pre-slurry composition comprising a second phosphate glass composition and a strengthening compound comprising boron nitride, a metal oxide, and/or silicon carbide.

A ceramic matrix composite member including a ceramic matrix composite reinforced by ceramic fiber, includes a body portion and a joint portion joined integrally to the body portion, the joint portion occupying a part of a surface of the ceramic matrix composite member, wherein the body portion includes at least one hole extending toward an inside of the body portion from a boundary surface between the body portion and the joint portion, and the at least one hole is filled with a matrix of the ceramic matrix composite, wherein the body portion includes a first region where a density of the ceramic fiber is relatively high and a second region where the density of the ceramic fiber is lower than that in the first region, and wherein the at least one hole exists so as to cut off a part of bundles of the ceramic fiber in the second region.