Compositions and methods for producing a manufactured product, a method for making a liquid absorbent, and processes for disposal of flammable liquids with a flue gas desulfurization by-product. The compositions for the manufactured products combine a binder and the by-product. The composition contains a greater percentage by weight of the by-product than the binder. The methods for producing manufactured products include dewatering the gypsum-depleted waste stream to reduce a water content, and forming the manufactured product. The method for making a liquid absorbent includes dewatering, granulating, drying, heating, and packaging a granulated gypsum-depleted composition as the liquid absorbent. The processes for disposal of flammable liquids include distributing a by-product into contact with flammable liquid, absorbing the liquid, transporting, and igniting the flammable liquid. The artificial soils are a combination of by-product and animal waste, human waste, or another bio-solid.

Beneficial use structures are disclosed that include coal combustion residuals (CCR) mixed with water and a binder to form a structural material and adapted to be compacted for use in the formation of the beneficial use structure. Various structures having beneficial uses described, including survival bunkers, composting pits, mine reclamation encapsulation and carbon sequestration facilities, water storage facilities, compressed air storage facilities, carbon sequestration/mineral carbonation facilities and a pumped hydroelectric facility adapted for use with a lock system of a waterway.

Compositions and methods for producing a manufactured product, a method for making a liquid absorbent, and processes for disposal of flammable liquids with a flue gas desulfurization by-product. The compositions for the manufactured products combine a binder and the by-product. The composition contains a greater percentage by weight of the by-product than the binder. The methods for producing manufactured products include dewatering the gypsum-depleted waste stream to reduce a water content, and forming the manufactured product. The method for making a liquid absorbent includes dewatering, granulating, drying, heating, and packaging a granulated gypsum-depleted composition as the liquid absorbent. The processes for disposal of flammable liquids include distributing a by-product into contact with flammable liquid, absorbing the liquid, transporting, and igniting the flammable liquid. The artificial soils are a combination of by-product and animal waste, human waste, or another bio-solid.

The present invention provides a bidirectional energy-transfer system comprising: a thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete, disposed in a structural object; a location of energy supply or demand that is physically isolated from, but in thermodynamic and/or electromagnetic communication with, the thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete; and a means of transferring energy between the structural object and the location of energy supply or demand. The system can be a single node in a neural network. The thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete includes a conductive, shock-absorbing material, such as graphite. Preferred compositions are disclosed for the thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete. The bidirectional energy-transfer system may be present in a solar-energy collection system, a grade beam, an indoor radiant flooring system, a structural wall or ceiling, a bridge, a roadway, a driveway, a parking lot, a commercial aviation runway, a military runway, a grain silo, or pavers, for example.

A geosynthetic clay liner for containing low pH, acidic fluids including a dry blended mix 90%-99% by weight bentonite and 1%-10% by weight high molecular weight cellulose ether polymer, and a method and containment including the liner to protect an environment around a site having low pH, acidic fluids.

A cover material for a bulk material pile and method for applying the cover material are disclosed. The cover composition is free of fiber, clay, cement and pozzolanic material and comprises: 95 to 99.75 percent by weight water, 0.25 to 5 percent by weight of a water dispersible cellulosic polymer; and sufficient acid to maintain the pH of the solution between 1.0 and 6.0. The method for applying the cover material includes: providing the cover composition, which contains 95 to 99.75 percent by weight water, 0.25 to 5 percent by weight of a water dispersible cellulosic polymer; and sufficient acid to maintain the pH of the solution between 1.0 and 6.0; applying the cover composition onto a bulk material pile; and allowing the composition to harden to provide a cover to at least a portion of the bulk material pile.

Provided are a phospho-alumino-silicate inorganic polymer, and a preparation method and use thereof. The phospho-alumino-silicate inorganic polymer includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50 parts to 67 parts of a precursor raw material, 33 parts to 50 parts of an activator, and water; where the precursor raw material includes metakaolin and activated calcium oxide; the activated calcium oxide accounts for 3% to 15% of a weight of the precursor raw material; and the activator includes a phosphoric acid solution.

The present invention provides a bidirectional energy-transfer system comprising: a thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete, disposed in a structural object; a location of energy supply or demand that is physically isolated from, but in thermodynamic and/or electromagnetic communication with, the thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete; and a means of transferring energy between the structural object and the location of energy supply or demand. The system can be a single node in a neural network. The thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete includes a conductive, shock-absorbing material, such as graphite. Preferred compositions are disclosed for the thermally and/or electrically conductive concrete. The bidirectional energy-transfer system may be present in a solar-energy collection system, a grade beam, an indoor radiant flooring system, a structural wall or ceiling, a bridge, a roadway, a driveway, a parking lot, a commercial aviation runway, a military runway, a grain silo, or pavers, for example.

A method of producing sulfur concrete using precipitated salts. The method comprises obtaining precipitated salts from a salt solution, which comprises: mixing the salt solution with calcium oxide to form a basic suspension; treating the basic suspension using carbon dioxide to cause salts to precipitate from the salt solution; and separating the precipitated salts out from the treated basic suspension to produce a treated salt solution. The method also comprises forming the sulfur concrete, which comprises mixing elemental sulfur with a modifying agent to form a sulfur-containing polymer; pre-heating aggregates comprising at least the precipitated salts; and mixing the aggregates with the sulfur-containing polymer to form the sulfur concrete.

A method of producing sulfur concrete using precipitated salts. The method comprises obtaining precipitated salts from a salt solution, which comprises: mixing the salt solution with calcium oxide to form a basic suspension; treating the basic suspension using carbon dioxide to cause salts to precipitate from the salt solution; and separating the precipitated salts out from the treated basic suspension to produce a treated salt solution. The method also comprises forming the sulfur concrete, which comprises mixing elemental sulfur with a modifying agent to form a sulfur-containing polymer; pre-heating aggregates comprising at least the precipitated salts; and mixing the aggregates with the sulfur-containing polymer to form the sulfur concrete.