A process can produce alcohols having at least two carbon atoms by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas into a mixture containing alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols. Alkenes are converted into corresponding alcohols in a subsequent step by hydration of the alkanes. Before the hydration and after the catalytic conversion, gas and liquid phases may be separated. Specific catalysts can be employed that have a markedly higher selectivity for alkenes than for alkanes. These catalysts comprise grains of non-graphitic carbon having cobalt nanoparticles dispersed therein. The cobalt nanoparticles have an average diameter d.sub.p from 1 to 20 nm, and an average distance D between nanoparticles is from 2 to 150 nm. The combined total mass fraction of metal ? in the grains ranges from 30% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the grains of non-graphitic carbon, wherein 4.5 dp/?>D?0.25 dp/?.

An object of the present invention is to provide a purification device which makes it possible to obtain a solvent with a reduced impurity content and a raw material of the solvent. Another object of the present invention is to provide a purification method, a manufacturing device, and a manufacturing method of a chemical liquid. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a container which makes it difficult for an impurity content in a chemical liquid to increase even in a case where the chemical liquid is filled into the container and stored for a predetermined period of time. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid storage container. The purification device of the present invention is a purification device including a distillation column for purifying a chemical liquid, in which an interior wall of the distillation column is coated with or formed of at least one kind of material selected from the group consisting of a fluororesin and an electropolished metal material, the metal material contains at least one kind of metal selected from the group consisting of chromium and nickel, and a total content of the chromium and the nickel is greater than 25% by mass with respect to a total mass of the metal material.

The invention relates to a method for producing butadiene from n-butenes having the steps: A) providing a feed gas stream a comprising n-butenes; B) feeding the feed gas stream a comprising the n-butenes and an oxygen-comprising gas into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, wherein a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unreacted n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, high-boiling minor components, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases is obtained; Ca) cooling the product gas stream b by contacting it with a refrigerant and condensing at least a part of the high-boiling minor components; Cb) compressing the remaining product gas stream b in at least one compression stage, wherein at least one aqueous condensate stream c1 and a gas stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases are obtained; Da) separating off non-condensable and low-boiling gas components comprising oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorbing the C.sub.4 hydrocarbon-comprising butadiene and n-butenes in an absorbent, wherein an absorbent stream loaded with C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2 are obtained, and Db) subsequent desorption of the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons from the loaded absorbent stream in a desorption column, wherein a C.sub.4 product gas stream d1 is obtained,
wherein a polymerization inhibitor is added in step Db) at the column head of the desorption column.

The invention relates to a method for producing butadiene from n-butenes having the steps: A) providing a feed gas stream a comprising n-butenes; B) feeding the feed gas stream a comprising the n-butenes and an oxygen-comprising gas into at least one oxidative dehydrogenation zone and oxidatively dehydrogenating n-butenes to butadiene, wherein a product gas stream b comprising butadiene, unreacted n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, high-boiling minor components, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases is obtained; Ca) cooling the product gas stream b by contacting it with a refrigerant and condensing at least a part of the high-boiling minor components; Cb) compressing the remaining product gas stream b in at least one compression stage, wherein at least one aqueous condensate stream c1 and a gas stream c2 comprising butadiene, n-butenes, steam, oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases are obtained; Da) separating off non-condensable and low-boiling gas components comprising oxygen, low-boiling hydrocarbons, possibly carbon oxides and possibly inert gases as gas stream d2 from the gas stream c2 by absorbing the C.sub.4 hydrocarbon-comprising butadiene and n-butenes in an absorbent, wherein an absorbent stream loaded with C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and the gas stream d2 are obtained, and Db) subsequent desorption of the C.sub.4 hydrocarbons from the loaded absorbent stream in a desorption column, wherein a C.sub.4 product gas stream d1 is obtained,
wherein a polymerization inhibitor is added in step Db) at the column head of the desorption column.

Disclosed is a method of efficiently separating 1,3-butadiene and methylethylketone, which are compounds of interest, from byproducts or impurities in the dehydration products of 2,3-butanediol so as to recover the compounds of interest at high purity.

Disclosed is a method of efficiently separating 1,3-butadiene and methylethylketone, which are compounds of interest, from byproducts or impurities in the dehydration products of 2,3-butanediol so as to recover the compounds of interest at high purity.

Processes and systems for separating a mixture of three or more chemical components into multiple product streams each enriched in one of the components are provided herein. In some aspects, the present invention relates to processes for the separation of a chemical mixture including at least a heavy key component, an intermediate key component, and a light key component to form a product stream enriched in the light key component, a product stream enriched in the intermediate key component, and a product stream enriched in the heavy key component. Systems described herein may include one or more thermally coupled distillation columns including, for example, a dividing wall column, or a plurality of distillation columns arranged in a thermally integrated configuration.

Processes and systems for separating a mixture of three or more chemical components into multiple product streams each enriched in one of the components are provided herein. In some aspects, the present invention relates to processes for the separation of a chemical mixture including at least a heavy key component, an intermediate key component, and a light key component to form a product stream enriched in the light key component, a product stream enriched in the intermediate key component, and a product stream enriched in the heavy key component. Systems described herein may include one or more thermally coupled distillation columns including, for example, a dividing wall column, or a plurality of distillation columns arranged in a thermally integrated configuration.

The subject matter of the present invention is peptide C.sup.-amides which are precursors of peptide C.sup.-thioesters, characterized in that they comprise the radical of general formula (I) in which X, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, n and A are as defined in Claim 1. The subject matter of the present invention is also the use of these peptide C.sup.-amides for obtaining peptide C.sup.-thioesters. The subject matter of the present invention is also the use of these peptide C.sup.-amides for obtaining peptides or proteins, in particular of therapeutic interest, by direct use as a crypto-thioester partner in NCL reactions. ##STR00001##

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for purifying 1,3-butadiene which can effectively remove an organic compound detrimental to anionic polymerization from 1,3-butadiene containing a polymerization inhibitor and suppress the formation of popcorn. The method includes: a water-washing step of washing 1,3-butadiene by using low-oxygen water having an oxygen concentration of less than 2 mg/L as wash water; and a polymerization inhibitor removing step of subsequently removing the polymerization inhibitor in 1,3-butadiene.