The application relates to processes and systems that use a furfural compound for producing five-membered carbocyclic rings that are unsaturated, such as cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene. Examples methods for conversion of furfural compounds may include converting a furfural compound to at least a five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring, and converting the five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring in a presence of a catalyst to at least a five-membered, unsaturated carbocyclic ring.

Embodiments of a system and method are disclosed for obtaining high-energy fuels. In some embodiments, the system and method produces one or more fused cyclic compounds that can include one or more bridging points. The fused cyclic compounds are suitable for use as a high-energy fuels, and may be derived from biomass.

Embodiments of a system and method are disclosed for obtaining high-energy fuels. In some embodiments, the system and method produces one or more fused cyclic compounds that can include one or more bridging points. The fused cyclic compounds are suitable for use as a high-energy fuels, and may be derived from biomass.

The application relates to processes and systems that use a furfural compound for producing five-membered carbocyclic rings that are unsaturated, such as cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene. Examples methods for conversion of furfural compounds may include converting a furfural compound to at least a five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring, and converting the five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring in a presence of a catalyst to at least a five-membered, unsaturated carbocyclic ring.

Disclosed are processes for rejuvenating catalysts comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate, and hydrocarbon conversion processes including such rejuvenation processes. In an aspect, the rejuvenation process comprises contacting a deactivated catalyst comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate with an oxygen-containing gaseous stream under conditions comprising a temperature ranging from about 250° C. to about 375° C. and a pressure of up to about 100 bar. In a further aspect, the rejuvenation process comprises contacting a deactivated catalyst comprising at least one Group 10 metal, at least one rare earth metal, and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate with an oxygen-containing gaseous stream under conditions comprising a temperature ranging from about 250° C. to about 500° C. and a pressure of up to about 100 bar.

Disclosed are processes for rejuvenating catalysts comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate, and hydrocarbon conversion processes including such rejuvenation processes. In an aspect, the rejuvenation process comprises contacting a deactivated catalyst comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate with an oxygen-containing gaseous stream under conditions comprising a temperature ranging from about 250° C. to about 375° C. and a pressure of up to about 100 bar. In a further aspect, the rejuvenation process comprises contacting a deactivated catalyst comprising at least one Group 10 metal, at least one rare earth metal, and a microporous crystalline metallosilicate with an oxygen-containing gaseous stream under conditions comprising a temperature ranging from about 250° C. to about 500° C. and a pressure of up to about 100 bar.

Disclosed are processes for regenerating catalysts comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate having a having a molar ratio of Group 10 metal to Al of greater than or equal to about 0.007:1, and hydrocarbon conversion processes including such regeneration processes. In an aspect, the regeneration processes comprise an oxychlorination step comprising contacting the catalyst with a first gaseous stream comprising a chlorine source and an oxygen source under conditions effective for dispersing at least a portion of the at least one Group 10 metal on the surface of the catalyst and for producing a first Group 10 metal chlorohydrate. The processes further comprise a chlorine stripping step comprising contacting the catalyst with a second gaseous stream comprising an oxygen source, and optionally a chlorine source, under conditions effective for increasing the O/Cl ratio of the first Group 10 metal chlorohydrate to produce a second Group 10 metal chlorohydrate.

Disclosed are processes for regenerating catalysts comprising at least one Group 10 metal and a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate having a having a molar ratio of Group 10 metal to Al of greater than or equal to about 0.007:1, and hydrocarbon conversion processes including such regeneration processes. In an aspect, the regeneration processes comprise an oxychlorination step comprising contacting the catalyst with a first gaseous stream comprising a chlorine source and an oxygen source under conditions effective for dispersing at least a portion of the at least one Group 10 metal on the surface of the catalyst and for producing a first Group 10 metal chlorohydrate. The processes further comprise a chlorine stripping step comprising contacting the catalyst with a second gaseous stream comprising an oxygen source, and optionally a chlorine source, under conditions effective for increasing the O/Cl ratio of the first Group 10 metal chlorohydrate to produce a second Group 10 metal chlorohydrate.

Provided is a separation membrane that is suitable for use in separating one or more hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon mixture. More specifically, the separation membrane includes a porous support for which acid content is not substantially detected by ammonia temperature programmed desorption in a temperature range of higher than 450 C. and not higher than 600 C. and a porous separation layer containing a zeolite that is disposed on the porous support.

Provided is a separation membrane that is suitable for use in separating one or more hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon mixture. More specifically, the separation membrane includes a porous support for which acid content is not substantially detected by ammonia temperature programmed desorption in a temperature range of higher than 450 C. and not higher than 600 C. and a porous separation layer containing a zeolite that is disposed on the porous support.