Provided herein are methods for producing cyclic and acyclic ketones from trimerization and dimerization of alkyl ketones, including for example methyl ketones. Such cyclic and acyclic ketones may be suitable for use as fuel and lubricant precursors, and may be hydrodeoxygenated to form their corresponding cycloalkanes and alkanes. Such cycloalkanes and alkanes may be suitable for use as fuels, including jet fuels, and lubricants.

Provided herein are methods for producing cyclic and acyclic ketones from trimerization and dimerization of alkyl ketones, including for example methyl ketones. Such cyclic and acyclic ketones may be suitable for use as fuel and lubricant precursors, and may be hydrodeoxygenated to form their corresponding cycloalkanes and alkanes. Such cycloalkanes and alkanes may be suitable for use as fuels, including jet fuels, and lubricants.

A device for producing an organic hydride 10 of an aspect of the present invention has an electrochemical cell provided with an anode 12 on a surface of an electrolyte membrane 11 and a cathode including a cathode catalyst layer 13 and a cathode diffusion layer 14 on another surface of the electrolyte membrane 11. A gap is provided between the anode 12 and the electrolyte membrane 11. The anode 12 has a network structure with an aperture ratio of 30 to 70%, and has an electrical supply supporting material formed of an electronic conductor and the electrode catalyst held by the electrical supply supporting material.

A device for producing an organic hydride 10 of an aspect of the present invention has an electrochemical cell provided with an anode 12 on a surface of an electrolyte membrane 11 and a cathode including a cathode catalyst layer 13 and a cathode diffusion layer 14 on another surface of the electrolyte membrane 11. A gap is provided between the anode 12 and the electrolyte membrane 11. The anode 12 has a network structure with an aperture ratio of 30 to 70%, and has an electrical supply supporting material formed of an electronic conductor and the electrode catalyst held by the electrical supply supporting material.

A process and a plant for producing olefins from oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether are proposed, in which initially the oxygenates are converted to a primary product containing propylene, other olefins, paraffins and aromatics in an olefin synthesis reactor. The primary product is separated into hydrocarbon fractions of different C chain length, wherein short-chain olefins such as propylene are obtained and beside further fractions there is also obtained a C.sub.7 fraction which contains C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins, as well as a C.sub.7+ fraction which contains aromatics. From the latter, the aromatics are separated and alkylated with the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins to obtain alkyl aromatics. The same are hydrogenated completely and recirculated to the olefin synthesis reactor, where they likewise are converted to short-chain olefins.

A process and a plant for producing olefins from oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether are proposed, in which initially the oxygenates are converted to a primary product containing propylene, other olefins, paraffins and aromatics in an olefin synthesis reactor. The primary product is separated into hydrocarbon fractions of different C chain length, wherein short-chain olefins such as propylene are obtained and beside further fractions there is also obtained a C.sub.7 fraction which contains C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins, as well as a C.sub.7+ fraction which contains aromatics. From the latter, the aromatics are separated and alkylated with the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins to obtain alkyl aromatics. The same are hydrogenated completely and recirculated to the olefin synthesis reactor, where they likewise are converted to short-chain olefins.

The invention relates to poly oxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sup.m+{M.sub.s[MM.sub.15X.sub.10O.sub.yR.sub.zH.sub.q]}.sup.m or solvates thereof, corresponding supported poly-oxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal-clusters, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in reductive conversion of organic substrate.

The invention relates to poly oxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sup.m+{M.sub.s[MM.sub.15X.sub.10O.sub.yR.sub.zH.sub.q]}.sup.m or solvates thereof, corresponding supported poly-oxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal-clusters, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in reductive conversion of organic substrate.

A process and a plant for producing olefins from oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether are proposed, in which initially the oxygenates are converted to a primary product containing propylene, other olefins, paraffins and aromatics in an olefin synthesis reactor. The primary product is separated into hydrocarbon fractions of different C chain length, wherein short-chain olefins such as propylene are obtained and beside further fractions there is also obtained a C.sub.7 fraction which contains C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins, as well as a C.sub.7+ fraction which contains aromatics. From the latter, the aromatics are separated and alkylated with the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins to obtain alkyl aromatics. The same are hydrogenated completely and recirculated to the olefin synthesis reactor, where they likewise are converted to short-chain olefins.

A process and a plant for producing olefins from oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether are proposed, in which initially the oxygenates are converted to a primary product containing propylene, other olefins, paraffins and aromatics in an olefin synthesis reactor. The primary product is separated into hydrocarbon fractions of different C chain length, wherein short-chain olefins such as propylene are obtained and beside further fractions there is also obtained a C.sub.7 fraction which contains C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins, as well as a C.sub.7+ fraction which contains aromatics. From the latter, the aromatics are separated and alkylated with the C.sub.5/C.sub.6 olefins to obtain alkyl aromatics. The same are hydrogenated completely and recirculated to the olefin synthesis reactor, where they likewise are converted to short-chain olefins.