The present invention provides a method of preparing oxalic acid (H.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4), the method at least comprising the steps of: (a) providing a metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) containing stream, wherein the metal (M) of the metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) is a monovalent metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Cs, Rb and a mixture thereof; (b) heating the metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) containing stream thereby obtaining a metal oxalate (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) containing stream; (c) subjecting the metal oxalate (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) containing stream to electrodialysis, thereby obtaining at least oxalic acid (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) and a metal hydroxide (MOH).

According to one embodiment, a reduction catalyst includes a current collector including a metal layer; and organic molecules including a quaternary nitrogen cation, which are bonded to the metal layer. The organic molecules are represented by any of the following general formulae I to V.

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According to one embodiment, a reduction catalyst includes a current collector including a metal layer; and organic molecules including a quaternary nitrogen cation, which are bonded to the metal layer. The organic molecules are represented by any of the following general formulae I to V.

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The present disclosure relates to pouches made from a combination of chemically different water-soluble films and optionally containing a composition (e.g. a household care composition or non-household care composition) that is at least partially enclosed by the water-soluble films in at least one compartment.

The present disclosure relates to water-soluble unit dose articles made from a combination of chemically different water-soluble films and optionally containing compositions that are at least partially enclosed by the water-soluble films in at least one compartment.

A system and method to partially vaporize a process or feed water stream does so in a liquid pool zone of a vessel as the stream comes into contact with a heating medium that is less volatile than the process stream. To keep the pool hot, the heating medium can be recirculated through a heater of a pump-around loop or a heater can be placed in the liquid pool. As the process stream is partially vaporized, any solids present in the process stream together with the unvaporized process or feed water stream move into the heating medium. These solids and unvaporized liquids may be further removed from the heating medium in the pool or in the pump-around loop. The vaporized process stream can be further condensed. Any heat recovered can be used to pre-heat the process stream or in the pump-around loop's heater in case of mechanical vapor recovery.

A system and method to partially vaporize a process or feed water stream does so in a liquid pool zone of a vessel as the stream comes into contact with a heating medium that is less volatile than the process stream. To keep the pool hot, the heating medium can be recirculated through a heater of a pump-around loop or a heater can be placed in the liquid pool. As the process stream is partially vaporized, any solids present in the process stream together with the unvaporized process or feed water stream move into the heating medium. These solids and unvaporized liquids may be further removed from the heating medium in the pool or in the pump-around loop. The vaporized process stream can be further condensed. Any heat recovered can be used to pre-heat the process stream or in the pump-around loop's heater in case of mechanical vapor recovery.

The invention concerns a purification method comprising: providing a flow comprising a glycol, monovalent ions and multivalent ions; treating this flow with ion exclusion chromatography comprising: injecting the flow into a chromatographic unit comprising an ion exchange stationary phase; injecting an eluent into the chromatographic unit; collecting a fraction at the outlet of the chromatographic unit; the collected fraction being enriched with glycol and depleted of monovalent ions and multivalent ions relative to the flow.

The invention also concerns an installation adapted to implement this method, and its application to the regeneration of an anti-hydrate agent.

The invention concerns a purification method comprising: providing a flow comprising a glycol, monovalent ions and multivalent ions; treating this flow with ion exclusion chromatography comprising: injecting the flow into a chromatographic unit comprising an ion exchange stationary phase; injecting an eluent into the chromatographic unit; collecting a fraction at the outlet of the chromatographic unit; the collected fraction being enriched with glycol and depleted of monovalent ions and multivalent ions relative to the flow.

The invention also concerns an installation adapted to implement this method, and its application to the regeneration of an anti-hydrate agent.

Ethylene glycol is prepared from a carbohydrate source in a process, wherein hydrogen, the carbohydrate source, a liquid diluent and a catalyst system are provided as reactants into a reaction zone; wherein the catalyst system comprises a tungsten compound and at least one hydrogenolysis metal selected from the noble metals Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir and combinations thereof; wherein the carbohydrate source is introduced into the reaction zone such that in the reaction zone the concentration of the carbohydrate source in the diluent is at least 4% wt, calculated as weight of carbohydrate source per weight of diluent; wherein the amount of the at least one hydrogenolysis metal selected from the noble metals Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir and combinations thereof ranges from 0.2 to 1.0% wt, calculated as the metal and based on the amount of carbohydrate source introduced into the reaction zone; wherein the molar ratio of tungsten to the at least one hydrogenolysis metal is in the range of 1 to 25; and wherein the carbohydrate source is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst system to yield an ethylene glycol-containing product.