The invention provides a new convergent approach for the synthesis of 2′-fluoro-6′-methylene-carbocyclic adenosine (FMCA) and 2′-fluoro-6′-methylene-carbocyclic guanosine (FMCG) from a readily available starting material in eight steps. An efficient and practical methodology for stereospecific preparation of a versatile carbocyclic key intermediate, (1S,3R, 4R)-3-tert-butoxy-4-(tert-butoxymethyl)-2-fluoro-5-methylenecyclopentanol (compound 8 of scheme 1A or a) in only six (6) steps is also provided. Prodrugs of these compounds are also prepared.

The invention provides a new convergent approach for the synthesis of 2′-fluoro-6′-methylene-carbocyclic adenosine (FMCA) and 2′-fluoro-6′-methylene-carbocyclic guanosine (FMCG) from a readily available starting material in eight steps. An efficient and practical methodology for stereospecific preparation of a versatile carbocyclic key intermediate, (1S,3R, 4R)-3-tert-butoxy-4-(tert-butoxymethyl)-2-fluoro-5-methylenecyclopentanol (compound 8 of scheme 1A or a) in only six (6) steps is also provided. Prodrugs of these compounds are also prepared.

The present invention relates to an unsaturated fluorinated ether or amine compound of formula (I) with low global warming potential and method of making the compound (I), where R.sub.H.sup.1 is and R.sub.H.sup.2 are independently selected from H or CH.sub.3, wherein when R.sub.H.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 then R.sub.H.sup.2 is H and when R.sub.H.sup.2 is CH.sub.3, then R.sub.H.sup.1 is H; X is O or N and when X is O, then n is 1 and R.sub.f is a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-10 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom; X is N, then n is 2 and (i) each R.sub.f is independently selected from a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-8 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, or (ii) the two R.sub.f's are bonded together to form a ring structure optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, wherein the ring of the ring structure consists of 5-7 atoms, no more than 10 carbon atoms, and is perfluorinated. The applications of the compound include solvent cleaning, electrolyte solvents or additives, heat transfer, and vapour phase soldering.

The present invention relates to an unsaturated fluorinated ether or amine compound of formula (I) with low global warming potential and method of making the compound (I), where R.sub.H.sup.1 is and R.sub.H.sup.2 are independently selected from H or CH.sub.3, wherein when R.sub.H.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 then R.sub.H.sup.2 is H and when R.sub.H.sup.2 is CH.sub.3, then R.sub.H.sup.1 is H; X is O or N and when X is O, then n is 1 and R.sub.f is a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-10 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom; X is N, then n is 2 and (i) each R.sub.f is independently selected from a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-8 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, or (ii) the two R.sub.f's are bonded together to form a ring structure optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, wherein the ring of the ring structure consists of 5-7 atoms, no more than 10 carbon atoms, and is perfluorinated. The applications of the compound include solvent cleaning, electrolyte solvents or additives, heat transfer, and vapour phase soldering.

The present invention relates to a mannitol-based amphipathic compound, a method of preparing the same, a method of extracting, solubilizing, stabilizing or crystallizing a membrane protein using the compound, and a method of analyzing a structure of the membrane protein under an electron microscope using the compound. When the mannitol-based compound according to the present invention is used, the membrane protein can be stably stored in an aqueous solution for a prolonged period of time and thus can be applied to analysis of functions and structures thereof. Since the analysis of the structures and functions of the membrane protein is one of the fields of most interest in biology and chemistry currently, and more than half of new drugs currently in development are targeting membrane proteins, the present invention is applicable to research on the structures of membrane proteins closely related to the development of the new drugs.

The present invention relates to a mannitol-based amphipathic compound, a method of preparing the same, a method of extracting, solubilizing, stabilizing or crystallizing a membrane protein using the compound, and a method of analyzing a structure of the membrane protein under an electron microscope using the compound. When the mannitol-based compound according to the present invention is used, the membrane protein can be stably stored in an aqueous solution for a prolonged period of time and thus can be applied to analysis of functions and structures thereof. Since the analysis of the structures and functions of the membrane protein is one of the fields of most interest in biology and chemistry currently, and more than half of new drugs currently in development are targeting membrane proteins, the present invention is applicable to research on the structures of membrane proteins closely related to the development of the new drugs.

The present invention relates to a mannitol-based amphipathic compound, a method of preparing the same, a method of extracting, solubilizing, stabilizing or crystallizing a membrane protein using the compound, and a method of analyzing a structure of the membrane protein under an electron microscope using the compound. When the mannitol-based compound according to the present invention is used, the membrane protein can be stably stored in an aqueous solution for a prolonged period of time and thus can be applied to analysis of functions and structures thereof. Since the analysis of the structures and functions of the membrane protein is one of the fields of most interest in biology and chemistry currently, and more than half of new drugs currently in development are targeting membrane proteins, the present invention is applicable to research on the structures of membrane proteins closely related to the development of the new drugs.

A method for separating a homogeneous catalyst from a solution includes forming a host-guest compound between a first isomer of the catalyst and inclusion compound in the solution and isolating the host-guest compound from the solution. The catalyst may be released from the inclusion compound by converting the first isomer of the catalyst to a second isomer of the catalyst.

A method for separating a homogeneous catalyst from a solution includes forming a host-guest compound between a first isomer of the catalyst and inclusion compound in the solution and isolating the host-guest compound from the solution. The catalyst may be released from the inclusion compound by converting the first isomer of the catalyst to a second isomer of the catalyst.

A method for separating a homogeneous catalyst from a solution includes forming a host-guest compound between a first isomer of the catalyst and inclusion compound in the solution and isolating the host-guest compound from the solution. The catalyst may be released from the inclusion compound by converting the first isomer of the catalyst to a second isomer of the catalyst.