Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

Precipitation promoters, which are an organic compound having one or more linear aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having not less than 10 carbon atoms, wherein the aliphatic hydrocarbon group has not less than 20 carbon atoms in total are useful for precipitating an organic compound protected by an organic group having one or more aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having not less than 10 carbon atoms from a solvent.

The present invention describes compositions comprising at least one compound chosen from hydroquinone and catechol, characterised in that it further comprises between 0.1 and 10,000 ppm of at least one compound chosen from 2-(alkoxy)phenol, 4-(alkoxy)phenol, 2-(alkyl)phenol, 4-(alkyl)phenol, (alkyl)catechol and (alkyl)hydroquinone. Another aspect of this invention concerns a method for preparing a composition comprising at least one compound chosen from hydroquinone and catechol according to the invention, characterised in that it comprises a step (a) of reacting the phenol with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst, in a solvent comprising an alcohol.

The present invention describes compositions comprising at least one compound chosen from hydroquinone and catechol, characterised in that it further comprises between 0.1 and 10,000 ppm of at least one compound chosen from 2-(alkoxy)phenol, 4-(alkoxy)phenol, 2-(alkyl)phenol, 4-(alkyl)phenol, (alkyl)catechol and (alkyl)hydroquinone. Another aspect of this invention concerns a method for preparing a composition comprising at least one compound chosen from hydroquinone and catechol according to the invention, characterised in that it comprises a step (a) of reacting the phenol with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst, in a solvent comprising an alcohol.

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

Compounds of general formula IA, IB and IC outlined below, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and hydrates thereof. Such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them may be used in medical conditions involving Ran GTPase.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a compound having the general formula (1) wherein in the general formula (1) the residues R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 and Ar are the same or different and are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups, substituted hydrocarbon groups and inorganic groups, wherein at least one of the residues R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 and Ar is a hydrophilic group, such as for instance a group comprising one or more polyethylene groups.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein are embodiments of aryl compounds and polymers thereof that are made using methods that do not require harsh conditions or expensive reagents. The methods disclosed herein utilize precursor compounds that can be polymerized to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polymers, such as carbon-based polymers like nanostructures (e.g., graphene or graphene-like nanoribbons).