In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

Process for preparation of MK-7 type of vitamin K2 is characterized by attaching hexaprenyl chain of “all-trans” configuration to monoprenyl derivative of menadiol following “1+6” synthetic strategy. According to the invention, a-sulfonyl carbanion generated in situ from the protected monoprenyl menadiol of the formula (II), wherein R.sub.1 represents C.sub.1-3-alkyl group, is reacted with hexaprenyl halide of the formula (VII), wherein X represents halogen atom, preferably bromine, both Z′ and Z′ represent H or one of Z′ and Z″ represents H and the other represents phenylsulfonyl group —SO.sub.2Ph in the alkylation reaction. The hexaprenyl halide of formula (VII) is obtained by coupling two triprenyl units in alkylation reaction, with or without separation of the intermediates. ##STR00001##

Process for preparation of MK-7 type of vitamin K2 is characterized by attaching hexaprenyl chain of “all-trans” configuration to monoprenyl derivative of menadiol following “1+6” synthetic strategy. According to the invention, a-sulfonyl carbanion generated in situ from the protected monoprenyl menadiol of the formula (II), wherein R.sub.1 represents C.sub.1-3-alkyl group, is reacted with hexaprenyl halide of the formula (VII), wherein X represents halogen atom, preferably bromine, both Z′ and Z′ represent H or one of Z′ and Z″ represents H and the other represents phenylsulfonyl group —SO.sub.2Ph in the alkylation reaction. The hexaprenyl halide of formula (VII) is obtained by coupling two triprenyl units in alkylation reaction, with or without separation of the intermediates. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a high-performance, highly homogeneous, highly stable electronic device by forming an extremely uniform interface between an insulator and an organic semiconductor, as well as an electronic apparatus using the same. The present invention relates to an electronic device which contains, as a component, an organic thin film in which a geometric two-dimensional arrangement is formed regularly by interdigitating skeletal structures of a positive three-pronged shape of triptycene and by adding a first molecule extending out of one plane of a two-dimensional molecular structure of the triptycene skeletal structure. The invention also relates to an electronic apparatus and the like which contains the electronic device in the interior of the electronic apparatus.

The present invention provides a high-performance, highly homogeneous, highly stable electronic device by forming an extremely uniform interface between an insulator and an organic semiconductor, as well as an electronic apparatus using the same. The present invention relates to an electronic device which contains, as a component, an organic thin film in which a geometric two-dimensional arrangement is formed regularly by interdigitating skeletal structures of a positive three-pronged shape of triptycene and by adding a first molecule extending out of one plane of a two-dimensional molecular structure of the triptycene skeletal structure. The invention also relates to an electronic apparatus and the like which contains the electronic device in the interior of the electronic apparatus.

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) for reducing nitrification and to compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to agricultural mixtures comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and at least one fertilizer. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrification comprising treating a plant growing on soil or soil substituents and/or the locus or soil or soil substituents where the plant is growing or is intended to grow with a compound of formula (I) or a composition comprising a compound of formula (I).

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) for reducing nitrification and to compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to agricultural mixtures comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and at least one fertilizer. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrification comprising treating a plant growing on soil or soil substituents and/or the locus or soil or soil substituents where the plant is growing or is intended to grow with a compound of formula (I) or a composition comprising a compound of formula (I).

A fragrance precursor represented by the formula 1

##STR00001##

wherein

X and Y together represent a double bond to a carbon atom bearing R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, with R.sub.1═H, methyl, acetyl or C.sub.1—C.sub.3 alkoxycarbonyl (e.g. ethoxycarbonyl); and R2=phenyl optionally substituted with up to 3 (i.e. 0, 1, 2 or 3) groups selected from C.sub.1—C.sub.4 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl), vinyl, hydroxy, C.sub.1—C.sub.3 alkoxy (e.g. ethoxy), and —O—CH.sub.2—O—, e.g. R.sub.2 is benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-vinylphenyl or 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl or

R2=naphthyl, (naphthyl) methyl, 1,1,2,4,4,8-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-7-yl, or 1,1,2,4,4,-penta methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-7-yl or

R2=COR3, wherein R3 is H, C1-C10 alkoxy (e.g. ethoxy, 1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethoxy), C1-C4 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl), e.g. R2 is formyl, acetyl, ethoxycarbonyl, 1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethoxycarbonyl; or wherein

X is OR4, with R4 being H or alkyl, and

Y is OR5, with R5 being alkyl,

useful as a perfume ingredient.

Using a combination of Kumada, Suzuki and Biellmann chemistry, various menaquinones can synthesised rapidly and with stereochemical integrity offering a new way of preparing these vitamin K2 components for the pharmaceutical market. In one embodiment a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001## is defined including a step in which (i) a compound of formula (II) is reacted with a compound of formula (III)

##STR00002## wherein R is an alkyl group; LG is a leaving group; m is an integer from 0 to 8; n is an integer of from 0 to 9; and X is hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl or protected hydroxyl; in the presence of a copper, nickel or palladium catalyst.