Using a combination of Kumada, Suzuki and Biellmann chemistry, various menaquinones can synthesised rapidly and with stereochemical integrity offering a new way of preparing these vitamin K2 components for the pharmaceutical market. In one embodiment a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001## is defined including a step in which (i) a compound of formula (II) is reacted with a compound of formula (III)

##STR00002## wherein R is an alkyl group; LG is a leaving group; m is an integer from 0 to 8; n is an integer of from 0 to 9; and X is hydrogen, halide, hydroxyl or protected hydroxyl; in the presence of a copper, nickel or palladium catalyst.

A problem is to provide a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one physical property such as high stability to heat and light, a high clearing point (or high maximum temperature), a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and excellent compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. A solution is a compound represented by formula (1). ##STR00001## In which, R.sup.1 is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons or the like; Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCH.sub.2—, —CF.sub.2O— or the like, and at least one of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 is —CF.sub.2O—; X.sup.1 is hydrogen, fluorine, —CF.sub.3 or —OCF.sub.3; and L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine.

A problem is to provide a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one physical property such as high stability to heat and light, a high clearing point (or high maximum temperature), a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and excellent compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. A solution is a compound represented by formula (1). ##STR00001## In which, R.sup.1 is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons or the like; Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCH.sub.2—, —CF.sub.2O— or the like, and at least one of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 is —CF.sub.2O—; X.sup.1 is hydrogen, fluorine, —CF.sub.3 or —OCF.sub.3; and L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine.

The present invention pertains to: a Janus-type triptycene derivative which is capable of forming a self-assembled film which does not depend on the material quality of a substrate; a self-assembled film using said Janus-type triptycene derivative; a structure having said film on a surface thereof; a method for manufacturing said film; and an electronic device using said method.

The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of empagliflozin. In particular, the present invention relates to the preparation of empagliflozin and intermediates thereof. The present invention also relates to co-crystal of empagliflozin and amino acid and amorphous form of empagliflozin.

The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of empagliflozin. In particular, the present invention relates to the preparation of empagliflozin and intermediates thereof. The present invention also relates to co-crystal of empagliflozin and amino acid and amorphous form of empagliflozin.

The invention provides a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one of physical properties such as a high stability to heat or light, a high clearing point (or a high maximum temperature), a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, a small viscosity, a suitable optical anisotropy, a small dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and a good compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition including this compound, and a liquid crystal display device containing this composition. The invention provdes a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is alkyl having 1 to 20 carbons or the like; one of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is both hydrogens, and the other is both fluorines; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH.sub.2—, —CH.sub.2O—, —CF.sub.2O—, —OCF.sub.2—, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C— or the like.

The invention provides a liquid crystal compound satisfying at least one of physical properties such as a high stability to heat or light, a high clearing point (or a high maximum temperature), a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase, a small viscosity, a suitable optical anisotropy, a small dielectric anisotropy, a suitable elastic constant and a good compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, a liquid crystal composition including this compound, and a liquid crystal display device containing this composition. The invention provdes a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is alkyl having 1 to 20 carbons or the like; one of L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 is both hydrogens, and the other is both fluorines; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH.sub.2—, —CH.sub.2O—, —CF.sub.2O—, —OCF.sub.2—, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C— or the like.

Shown and described are improved processes for the preparation of dapagliflozin of Formula I, ##STR00001##
or its solvates or co-crystals thereof and intermediates and their use in the preparation of dapagliflozin of Formula I or its solvates or co-crystals thereof.

Disclosed are a method for producing a highly reactive intermediate, which comprises: preparing an electron-accepting active compound (1), preparing a piezoelectric material (3), and applying mechanical strain to the piezoelectric material (3) in the presence of the electron-accepting active compound (1) and the piezoelectric material (3), and subjecting the compound (1) to one-electron reduction to generate a corresponding highly reactive intermediate; a redox reaction method using the method for producing the same; and a method for producing a redox reaction product.