The present invention relates to a compound having a general formula selected from the group consisting of formula 1a and 1b, wherein K represents an aromatic or heteroaromatic group in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted by a functional groups selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a sulfuric acid group, an ammonium group and an aliphatic group; X is selected from the group consisting of a C—C-bond, O, S, SO.sub.2 and NR′, wherein R′ represents a hydrogen or an aliphatic or aromatic group; A represents a fluorinated or perfluorinated aromatic group; n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6; m represents an integer in the range from 1 to 3. The present invention also relates to a composition comprising this compound, to a process for the preparation of a conductive layer using this composition, to a conductive layer comprising the compound according to the present invention, to electronic components comprising this conductive layer and to the use of the compound according to the present invention as an additive in a hole-injection layer of an OLED or in an organic solar cell.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a compound having a general formula selected from the group consisting of formula 1a and 1b, wherein K represents an aromatic or heteroaromatic group in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted by a functional groups selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a sulfuric acid group, an ammonium group and an aliphatic group; X is selected from the group consisting of a C—C-bond, O, S, SO.sub.2 and NR′, wherein R′ represents a hydrogen or an aliphatic or aromatic group; A represents a fluorinated or perfluorinated aromatic group; n represents an integer in the range from 2 to 6; m represents an integer in the range from 1 to 3. The present invention also relates to a composition comprising this compound, to a process for the preparation of a conductive layer using this composition, to a conductive layer comprising the compound according to the present invention, to electronic components comprising this conductive layer and to the use of the compound according to the present invention as an additive in a hole-injection layer of an OLED or in an organic solar cell.

##STR00001##

Provided are a fluorinated compound for patterning a metal or an electrode (cathode), an organic electronic element using the same, and an electronic device thereof, wherein a fine pattern of the electrode is formed by using the fluorinated compound as a material for patterning a metal or an electrode (cathode), without using a shadow mask, and it is possible to more easily apply UDC since it is easy to manufacture a transparent display having high light transmittance.

Provided are a fluorinated compound for patterning a metal or an electrode (cathode), an organic electronic element using the same, and an electronic device thereof, wherein a fine pattern of the electrode is formed by using the fluorinated compound as a material for patterning a metal or an electrode (cathode), without using a shadow mask, and it is possible to more easily apply UDC since it is easy to manufacture a transparent display having high light transmittance.

The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H amination. More specifically, methods of making para- and ortho-substituted arenes via direct C—H amination are disclosed. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H amination. More specifically, methods of making para- and ortho-substituted arenes via direct C—H amination are disclosed. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) for reducing nitrification and to compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to agricultural mixtures comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and at least one fertilizer. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrification comprising treating a plant growing on soil or soil substituents and/or the locus or soil or soil substituents where the plant is growing or is intended to grow with a compound of formula (I) or a composition comprising a compound of formula (I).

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) for reducing nitrification and to compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and to agricultural mixtures comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and at least one fertilizer. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrification comprising treating a plant growing on soil or soil substituents and/or the locus or soil or soil substituents where the plant is growing or is intended to grow with a compound of formula (I) or a composition comprising a compound of formula (I).

A liquid crystal display device comprises a first substrate, a second substrate which faces the first substrate, an electrode part which is provided on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer which comprises a liquid crystal composition and is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate. The liquid crystal composition includes a liquid crystal compound of Formula 1. ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, A.sub.11, A.sub.12, A.sub.13, A.sub.21, A.sub.22, Z.sub.11, Z.sub.12, Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21, Z.sub.22, a, b, c, d, and e are as described herein.

A liquid crystal display device comprises a first substrate, a second substrate which faces the first substrate, an electrode part which is provided on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer which comprises a liquid crystal composition and is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate. The liquid crystal composition includes a liquid crystal compound of Formula 1. ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, A.sub.11, A.sub.12, A.sub.13, A.sub.21, A.sub.22, Z.sub.11, Z.sub.12, Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21, Z.sub.22, a, b, c, d, and e are as described herein.