A process for preparing carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic anhydrides by gas phase oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, in which a gas stream comprising at least one aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed continuously over a catalyst thermostatted by a heat carrier medium, which comprises keeping the temperature of the heat carrier medium constant during the startup of the reactor for at least 24 hours, during which neither the loading of the gas stream with hydrocarbons nor the gas stream volume is increased by more than 3%.

A process for preparing carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic anhydrides by gas phase oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, in which a gas stream comprising at least one aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed continuously over a catalyst thermostatted by a heat carrier medium, which comprises keeping the temperature of the heat carrier medium constant during the startup of the reactor for at least 24 hours, during which neither the loading of the gas stream with hydrocarbons nor the gas stream volume is increased by more than 3%.

The present invention provides a porous metal-containing carbon-based material that is stable at high temperatures under aqueous conditions. The porous metal-containing carbon-based materials are particularly useful in catalytic applications. Also provided, are methods for making and using porous shaped metal-carbon products prepared from these materials.

The present invention provides a porous metal-containing carbon-based material that is stable at high temperatures under aqueous conditions. The porous metal-containing carbon-based materials are particularly useful in catalytic applications. Also provided, are methods for making and using porous shaped metal-carbon products prepared from these materials.

Shaped porous carbon products and processes for preparing these products are provided. The shaped porous carbon products can be used, for example, as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Catalyst compositions including these shaped porous carbon products, processes of preparing the catalyst compositions, and various processes of using the shaped porous carbon products and catalyst compositions are also provided.

Shaped porous carbon products and processes for preparing these products are provided. The shaped porous carbon products can be used, for example, as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Catalyst compositions including these shaped porous carbon products, processes of preparing the catalyst compositions, and various processes of using the shaped porous carbon products and catalyst compositions are also provided.

There are provided methods for the valorization of carbohydrates. The methods comprise reacting a fluid comprising at least one carbohydrate with at least one metal catalyst or at least one metal catalytic system in a fluidized bed reactor so as to obtain at least one organic acid or a derivative thereof.

The invention describes processes to convert biomass char, such as levulinic acid process char, into useful products.

A method for selective partial depolymerization of natural lignin involves obtaining a natural lignin source and performing photocatalytic activation of the -O-4 bond using a system with tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as a catalyst and ultraviolet light. The method includes adding an exogenous electron mediator/scavenger system to influence the cleavage or oxidation of the -O-4 bond. The exogenous electron mediator enhances oligomer yield while reducing carbonyl (CO) groups, whereas the exogenous electron scavenger increases carbonyl (CO) groups with minimal impact on oligomer yield. The oligomer yield is calculated as the weight of the oligomer divided by the weight of the natural lignin source.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing hydrocarbon double acids using a cyclic hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst, wherein adipic acid and dodecanedioic acid may be produced with high yield while solving the problem of environmental pollution, the adipic acid and the dodecanedioic acid being prepared by using an oxidation reaction of a cyclohexane-cyclohexanone mixture and an oxidation reaction of a cyclododecane-cyclododecanone mixture, respectively, in the presence of a vanadium phosphate oxide-based catalyst and/or a cobalt-manganese oxide-based catalyst.