Chemical entities that are kinase inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of cancer are described.

The present invention relates to salts of (R)-3-(6-(4-methylphenyl)-pyridin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, to methods for making them or their precursors, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and to their use as medicaments.

The present invention relates to salts of (R)-3-(6-(4-methylphenyl)-pyridin-3-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, to methods for making them or their precursors, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and to their use as medicaments.

A method of converting lignin to phenolic compounds and dicarboxylates in high yield is described. The method involves the use of peroxy acids to react with lignin at a moderated treatment conditions. The peroxy acids can be used along or in combination of other catalysts that have the capability to lower the molecular weight of lignin. A phenolic compounds yield is achieved (>60%) and these phenolic compounds represents high value precursors for various applications include but not limited to antioxidants, health improvement agents, anticorrosive agents, liquid fuel components and performance enhancing agents, resin and adhesives. Dicarboxylic acids can be used for polymer applications or hydrodeoxygenation to hydrocarbon fuel.

A method of converting lignin to phenolic compounds and dicarboxylates in high yield is described. The method involves the use of peroxy acids to react with lignin at a moderated treatment conditions. The peroxy acids can be used along or in combination of other catalysts that have the capability to lower the molecular weight of lignin. A phenolic compounds yield is achieved (>60%) and these phenolic compounds represents high value precursors for various applications include but not limited to antioxidants, health improvement agents, anticorrosive agents, liquid fuel components and performance enhancing agents, resin and adhesives. Dicarboxylic acids can be used for polymer applications or hydrodeoxygenation to hydrocarbon fuel.

A method of production of malic acid includes treating a first intermediate product to form a second intermediate product. The treating includes substantially removing impurities from the first intermediate product to obtain a treated intermediate product by gas stripping the crude maleic anhydride, or subjecting a mixture of one or more of the crude maleic acid, the crude fumaric acid, and the vent gas scrubber solution obtained from a phthalic anhydride production process or a maleic anhydride production process to crystallization, passing an aqueous solution of the treated intermediate product through a carbon column to substantially remove retained impurities to form the second intermediate product, obtaining a feed that includes the second intermediate product, and causing the feed to undergo hydration reaction in a tubular reactor or a continuous stirred tank reactor to produce malic acid.

A method of production of malic acid includes treating a first intermediate product to form a second intermediate product. The treating includes substantially removing impurities from the first intermediate product to obtain a treated intermediate product by gas stripping the crude maleic anhydride, or subjecting a mixture of one or more of the crude maleic acid, the crude fumaric acid, and the vent gas scrubber solution obtained from a phthalic anhydride production process or a maleic anhydride production process to crystallization, passing an aqueous solution of the treated intermediate product through a carbon column to substantially remove retained impurities to form the second intermediate product, obtaining a feed that includes the second intermediate product, and causing the feed to undergo hydration reaction in a tubular reactor or a continuous stirred tank reactor to produce malic acid.

The present application relates to novel substituted 5-fluoro-1H-pyrazolopyridines, to processes for their preparation, to their use alone or in combinations for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, and to their use for producing medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disorders.

The present application relates to novel substituted 5-fluoro-1H-pyrazolopyridines, to processes for their preparation, to their use alone or in combinations for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, and to their use for producing medicaments for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disorders.

The present invention relates a new process to synthesize 1-((4-(4-Fluoro-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-6-methoxyquinolin-7-yloxy)methyl)cyclopropanamine (AL3818). A stable crystalline form of Al3818 has been prepared. Salts and their crystalline forms of AL3818 have been also prepared. Anti-cancer and optometric activities of AL3818 and its salts have been further tested. New process has been outlined in Scheme I. ##STR00001##