The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI).

##STR00001##

The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI).

##STR00001##

Processes for producing 2,5-dichlorophenol and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid are described. Various processes for isomerizing 2,4-dichlorophenol over a zeolite catalyst to form 2,5-dichlorophenol are provided. Processes for preparing 2,5-dichlorophenol including hydroxylating 1,4-dichlorobenzene are also described. The present invention also relates to processes for producing 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid.

Processes for producing 2,5-dichlorophenol and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid are described. Various processes for isomerizing 2,4-dichlorophenol over a zeolite catalyst to form 2,5-dichlorophenol are provided. Processes for preparing 2,5-dichlorophenol including hydroxylating 1,4-dichlorobenzene are also described. The present invention also relates to processes for producing 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid.

Disclosed are compounds of formula: ##STR00001##
that inhibiting GPBP activity, making them useful as therapeutics in antibody-mediated disorders, drug-resistant cancer, inflammation, protein misfolding and ER stress-mediated disorders, and aberrant apoptosis.

Disclosed are compounds of formula: ##STR00001##
that inhibiting GPBP activity, making them useful as therapeutics in antibody-mediated disorders, drug-resistant cancer, inflammation, protein misfolding and ER stress-mediated disorders, and aberrant apoptosis.

A porous chiral material of formula [M(L).sub.1.5(A)].sup.+X.sup. wherein M is a metal ion; L is a nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand; A is the anion of mandelic acid or a related acid; and X.sup. is an anion

A porous chiral material of formula [M(L).sub.1.5(A)].sup.+X.sup. wherein M is a metal ion; L is a nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand; A is the anion of mandelic acid or a related acid; and X.sup. is an anion

To provide a polar compound having high chemical stability, a high ability to align liquid crystal molecules, and high solubility in a liquid crystal composition, and a high voltage holding ratio of a liquid crystal display element.

A compound represented by Formula (1):

##STR00001## R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group that may be substituted; a is 2 to 12; and R.sup.2 is Formula (1-a), Formula (1-b), and Formula (1-c);

##STR00002## Sp.sup.1 to Sp.sup.3 are a single bond or an alkylene group that may be substituted; M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 are H, F, Cl, or an alkyl group that may be substituted; and X.sup.1 is OH, NH.sub.2, OR.sup.3, N(R.sup.3).sub.2, COOH, SH or Si(R.sup.3).sub.3.

To provide a polar compound having high chemical stability, a high ability to align liquid crystal molecules, and high solubility in a liquid crystal composition, and a high voltage holding ratio of a liquid crystal display element.

A compound represented by Formula (1):

##STR00001## R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group that may be substituted; a is 2 to 12; and R.sup.2 is Formula (1-a), Formula (1-b), and Formula (1-c);

##STR00002## Sp.sup.1 to Sp.sup.3 are a single bond or an alkylene group that may be substituted; M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 are H, F, Cl, or an alkyl group that may be substituted; and X.sup.1 is OH, NH.sub.2, OR.sup.3, N(R.sup.3).sub.2, COOH, SH or Si(R.sup.3).sub.3.