The present invention relates to the use of a compound of the general formula (I) wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl or (C=0)R.sup.3, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl or (C=0)R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, independently of one another, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, as an aroma chemical, to aroma chemical compositions comprising at least one compound of the general formula (I), a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, and to a method for preparing a fragranced ready-to-use composition, which comprises incorporating at least one compound of the general formula (I), a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, into a ready-to-use composition. The present invention further relates to specific ethers and specific esters of the compounds of the general formula (I) and a method for their preparation.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to the use of a compound of the general formula (I) wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl or (C=0)R.sup.3, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl or (C=0)R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, independently of one another, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, as an aroma chemical, to aroma chemical compositions comprising at least one compound of the general formula (I), a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, and to a method for preparing a fragranced ready-to-use composition, which comprises incorporating at least one compound of the general formula (I), a stereoisomer thereof or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, into a ready-to-use composition. The present invention further relates to specific ethers and specific esters of the compounds of the general formula (I) and a method for their preparation.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure is directed to microporous crystalline aluminosilicate structures with GME topologies having pores containing organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) comprising at least one piperidinium cation, the compositions useful for making these structures, and methods of using these structures. In some embodiments, the crystalline zeolite structures have a molar ratio of Si:Al that is greater than 3.5.

The present disclosure is directed to microporous crystalline aluminosilicate structures with GME topologies having pores containing organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) comprising at least one piperidinium cation, the compositions useful for making these structures, and methods of using these structures. In some embodiments, the crystalline zeolite structures have a molar ratio of Si:Al that is greater than 3.5.

This invention relates to a method for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethyl esters of carboxylic acids. Said method consists of treating the biomass material with an oxidizing agent that is incorporated in an solution comprising one or more acids, one or more alcohols and water, and subsequently performing a catalytic reaction at a higher temperature using the same acidic solution into which a larger volume of alcohol is added, in such a way that the catalytic conversion occurs in a medium with a much higher concentration of alcohol, i.e. with a much higher alcohol-to-water wt ratio. Such a method results in relatively high yields of ethyl esters, such as ethyl esters of formic, acetic, and levulinic acids, while producing a low yield of dialkyl ethers, which are unwanted by-products. The concentration of the oxidizing agent in the pre-treatment step is preferably higher than 6.0 wt %. The oxidizing agent is preferably a Fenton or Fenton-type reagent, and most preferably hydrogen peroxide activated by Fe (II), and/or Ti (IV) ions. The alcohol is preferably ethanol, and when ethanol is used, diethyl ether is formed as the unwanted dialkyl ether by-product. Preferably, the biomass material is pelleted before treatment.

This invention relates to a method for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethyl esters of carboxylic acids. Said method consists of treating the biomass material with an oxidizing agent that is incorporated in an solution comprising one or more acids, one or more alcohols and water, and subsequently performing a catalytic reaction at a higher temperature using the same acidic solution into which a larger volume of alcohol is added, in such a way that the catalytic conversion occurs in a medium with a much higher concentration of alcohol, i.e. with a much higher alcohol-to-water wt ratio. Such a method results in relatively high yields of ethyl esters, such as ethyl esters of formic, acetic, and levulinic acids, while producing a low yield of dialkyl ethers, which are unwanted by-products. The concentration of the oxidizing agent in the pre-treatment step is preferably higher than 6.0 wt %. The oxidizing agent is preferably a Fenton or Fenton-type reagent, and most preferably hydrogen peroxide activated by Fe (II), and/or Ti (IV) ions. The alcohol is preferably ethanol, and when ethanol is used, diethyl ether is formed as the unwanted dialkyl ether by-product. Preferably, the biomass material is pelleted before treatment.

Methods for the removal of ionic contaminants from hydrolysable organic solvent by ion exchange resins are described. A mixed bed of ion exchange resin with cationic ion exchange resin and weak-base anionic ion exchange resin is used in such methods.

Methods for the removal of ionic contaminants from hydrolysable organic solvent by ion exchange resins are described. A mixed bed of ion exchange resin with cationic ion exchange resin and weak-base anionic ion exchange resin is used in such methods.

Provided are a layer-separation method of a spent caustic solution, and a recycling method of an additive, and more particularly, a layer-separation method of a spent caustic solution including: injecting an additive and an acidic compound to the spent caustic solution occurring from a refinery process to break down a red oil emulsion and to perform layer-separation into an upper layer fraction and a lower layer fraction, wherein the additive is an aliphatic hydrocarbon compound having a water solubility of 0.1 to 10 g/L at 20 C.

Provided are a layer-separation method of a spent caustic solution, and a recycling method of an additive, and more particularly, a layer-separation method of a spent caustic solution including: injecting an additive and an acidic compound to the spent caustic solution occurring from a refinery process to break down a red oil emulsion and to perform layer-separation into an upper layer fraction and a lower layer fraction, wherein the additive is an aliphatic hydrocarbon compound having a water solubility of 0.1 to 10 g/L at 20 C.