The invention discloses a method for preparing maleate by selective catalytic oxidation of lignin. The method uses a heteropolyacid functionalized ionic liquid as a catalyst, and an aqueous alcohol solution as a reaction medium to achieve high-efficiency selective catalytic conversion and ring opening oxidation of biomass lignin at a reaction temperature of 110-160 C. and an oxygen pressure of 0.5-1.0 MPa for 1-6 h. The selectivity of maleate is higher than 47.83%. The yield and selectivity of a single chemical derived from the depolymerization of lignin in the present invention are much higher than the prior art, and the ionic liquid catalyst exhibits outstanding advantages such as availability of recovery and recycling through simple temperature adjustment; the reaction conditions of the present invention are mild, and the process is green and safe, easy to operate, and available for batch and continuous production. The invention provides a new green way for preparing bulk chemicals like maleate from reproducible raw materials such as lignin.

Provided herein are fumaric and maleic acid-containing compounds, compositions comprising the same and methods for using such compounds to enhance production, growth, spread or titer of interferon-sensitive viruses in cells, particularly cancer and tumor cells. Also provided are methods of treating tumors or cancers in a subject by administering the compounds and compositions.

The present invention comprises compounds of formula (I): where R.sup.1 may be PEG or other polymeric moieties. For example, R.sup.1 may be repeating PEG units (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O).sub.n, wherein n=1-455. R.sup.1 may also be other polymeric moieties of varying sizes and structures, for example, R.sup.1 may be poly(glycolide), poly(lactic acid), poly(lactide), poly(caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), or poly(lactic acid)-butanol. One or more embodiments of the invention may also relate to injectable pharmaceutical compositions comprising polymer conjugated monomethyl fumarate, and methods for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.

##STR00001##

Provided herein are formulations of plated powders of acetaldehyde precursors. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the powders.

Provided herein are formulations of plated powders of acetaldehyde precursors. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the powders.

Provided herein is a compound having the formula I ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and x is independently 0, 1, or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided herein is a method of releasing acetaldehyde into an aqueous solution including delivering a compound of formula I to the aqueous solution, Also provided is a flavor or aroma-modifying composition including i) a flavor or aroma-conferring or modifying ingredient, at least one compound according to formula (I); ii) at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a flavor carrier and a flavor base; and iii) optionally at least one flavor adjuvant.

Provided herein is a compound having the formula I ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and x is independently 0, 1, or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided herein is a method of releasing acetaldehyde into an aqueous solution including delivering a compound of formula I to the aqueous solution, Also provided is a flavor or aroma-modifying composition including i) a flavor or aroma-conferring or modifying ingredient, at least one compound according to formula (I); ii) at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a flavor carrier and a flavor base; and iii) optionally at least one flavor adjuvant.

Provided herein are flavor particles containing encapsulated precursors of acetylaldehyde. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the particles.

Provided herein are flavor particles containing encapsulated precursors of acetylaldehyde. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the particles.

The present invention describes an improved process for the industrial scale production of dimethyl fumarate. The process involves a one-pot ring opening reaction of maleic anhydride to monomethyl maleate and isomerization into the corresponding monomethyl fumarate in presence of a Lewis acid. Finally the mono methyl fumarate was converted into the dimethyl fumarate by an acid catalyzed esterification reaction.