A living radical polymerization initiator represented by the following:

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sup.1 represents an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, an alkylsulfonyl, an aryl sulfonyl or combinations thereof; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are a hydrogen, an aliphatic, an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, a carboxy, an alkylsulfonyl or an aryl sulfonyl; X and Y are a halogen; m and n are an integer of 1 or more, and

##STR00002## are non-symmetrical so that X and Y have different reactivities to initiate a living radical polymerization.

Disclosed is a chemical process of preparing dehydrohedione from Hedione via α-chlorination and elimination steps. The process can be conducted in a one-pot process or in a continuous reactor system. Accordingly, a simple and cost effective process of preparing cis-Hedione enriched products is developed through reduction of dehydrohedione in the presence of a chiral catalyst system.

Disclosed is a chemical process of preparing dehydrohedione from Hedione via α-chlorination and elimination steps. The process can be conducted in a one-pot process or in a continuous reactor system. Accordingly, a simple and cost effective process of preparing cis-Hedione enriched products is developed through reduction of dehydrohedione in the presence of a chiral catalyst system.

The present disclosure describes novel PKC-ε activators chosen from halogenated esters of unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof, including halogenated esters of both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof. The disclosure further relates to compositions, kits, and methods for treatment using the halogenated esters.

The present disclosure describes novel PKC-ε activators chosen from halogenated esters of unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof, including halogenated esters of both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof. The disclosure further relates to compositions, kits, and methods for treatment using the halogenated esters.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

To provide a fluorinated ether compound, a fluorinated ether composition and a coating liquid excellent in chemical resistance, an article having a surface layer excellent in chemical resistance and a method for producing it, and a method for producing a fluorinated ether compound excellent in chemical resistance.

A fluorinated ether compound which has a first partial structure represented by the following formula (1) and a second partial structure represented by the following formula (2), and which has at least five first partial structures, or has at least two second partial structures:

—OR.sup.f12—  (1)

—OR.sup.f13—  (2)

wherein R.sup.f12 is a C.sub.1-6 fluoroalkylene group, and R.sup.f13 is a group having a fluorinated cyclic structure which may have a hetero atom.

The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprises reacting a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

(wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an organic group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally form a ring together with the two adjacent carbon atoms; n is 1 or 2; and wherein two R.sup.1s are optionally the same or different, two R.sup.2s are optionally the same or different, or two R′s or two R.sup.2s optionally form a ring together with their adjacent carbon atom), with (A) at least one fluorine source selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen fluoride salts, and fluoride salts, and (B) a halogen source other than fluorine represented by the formula: R.sup.3(OX).sub.m (wherein R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, a cation, or an organic group, X is a halogen atom other than a fluorine atom, and m is an integer corresponding to the valence of R.sup.3), to add fluorine and a halogen other than fluorine to the double bond or triple bond.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.