Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition: ##STR00001##
R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.

Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition: ##STR00001##
R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.

Compounds, compositions, and methods related to bioenergetic metabolism are provided. The compounds and compositions are suited to promote bioenergetic processes including cellular respiration and glycolytic flux and may be used to treat mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), multiple sclerosis, and/or epilepsy.

Compounds, compositions, and methods related to bioenergetic metabolism are provided. The compounds and compositions are suited to promote bioenergetic processes including cellular respiration and glycolytic flux and may be used to treat mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), multiple sclerosis, and/or epilepsy.

The invention relates to a method for producing optionally functionalized acyl-capped (acyl-blocked) 3-hydroxybutyric acids and their salts and esters as well as to the products thus obtained and their use.

The invention relates to a method for producing optionally functionalized acyl-capped (acyl-blocked) 3-hydroxybutyric acids and their salts and esters as well as to the products thus obtained and their use.

Provided is a calixarene compound represented by structural formula (1). In structural formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a structural moiety (A) having a functional group (I), a structural moiety (B) having a functional group (II) having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond (excluding maleate groups), a structural moiety (C) having both the functional group (I) and the functional group (II), a monovalent organic group (D) that has 1 to 20 carbon atoms and is other than the structural moieties (A), (B) and (C), or a hydrogen atom (E). At least one of a plurality of R.sup.2s is the structural moiety (A), the structural moiety (B), the structural moiety (C), or the organic group (D).

##STR00001##

Provided is a calixarene compound represented by structural formula (1). In structural formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a structural moiety (A) having a functional group (I), a structural moiety (B) having a functional group (II) having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond (excluding maleate groups), a structural moiety (C) having both the functional group (I) and the functional group (II), a monovalent organic group (D) that has 1 to 20 carbon atoms and is other than the structural moieties (A), (B) and (C), or a hydrogen atom (E). At least one of a plurality of R.sup.2s is the structural moiety (A), the structural moiety (B), the structural moiety (C), or the organic group (D).

##STR00001##

A method for preparing an NMR material, comprising generating parahydrogen in gas or liquid form at a first location; transporting the parahydrogen away from the first location; mixing a precursor compound including a metabolite component with a catalyst for hydrogenation; hydrogenating the precursor compound using the parahydrogen; transferring polarization in the precursor compound to a nuclear spin of the metabolite component; cleaving a side arm of the precursor compound in a chemical reaction, with the metabolite molecule being one of the products of the reaction; separating the metabolite molecule from the catalyst for hydrogenation and other products of the reaction; and generating metabolite molecules for use in an MRI scanner by extracting a sample of the metabolite molecule having at least 5% polarization.

A method for preparing an NMR material, comprising generating parahydrogen in gas or liquid form at a first location; transporting the parahydrogen away from the first location; mixing a precursor compound including a metabolite component with a catalyst for hydrogenation; hydrogenating the precursor compound using the parahydrogen; transferring polarization in the precursor compound to a nuclear spin of the metabolite component; cleaving a side arm of the precursor compound in a chemical reaction, with the metabolite molecule being one of the products of the reaction; separating the metabolite molecule from the catalyst for hydrogenation and other products of the reaction; and generating metabolite molecules for use in an MRI scanner by extracting a sample of the metabolite molecule having at least 5% polarization.