Provided is a method for efficiently producing a levulinic acid ester from a cellulose-containing raw material or a carbohydrate-containing raw material in an alcohol solvent using an inexpensive, easily available catalytic system. In a method for producing a levulinic acid ester by reacting at least one of a cellulose-containing raw material and a carbohydrate-containing raw material in the presence of an alcohol and a catalyst, use is made of, as a catalyst, a combination of: at least one metal compound (exclusive of gallium acetylacetonate and indium acetylacetonate) selected from the group consisting of hydroxide salts, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates, alkoxides, acetylacetonates, and oxides of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of metals belonging to Group XIII and Group XIV of the Periodic Table; and an organic sulfonic acid.

Disclosed herein are polyketone triglyceride compositions containing 8 to 16 ketone carbonyl moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making. Also disclosed are polyimine triglyceride compositions having has 8 to 16 nitrogen moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making. Also disclosed are polyamine triglyceride compositions containing 8 to 16 nitrogen moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making.

Disclosed herein are polyketone triglyceride compositions containing 8 to 16 ketone carbonyl moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making. Also disclosed are polyimine triglyceride compositions having has 8 to 16 nitrogen moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making. Also disclosed are polyamine triglyceride compositions containing 8 to 16 nitrogen moieties per triglyceride unit and methods of making.

Provided herein are nutritional, or therapeutic, compositions and methods of use in primarily treating kidney patients suffering from low serum albumin. The compositions are divided into four formulations, comprising: 1) the magnesium salt and/or the calcium salt of the alpha keto acids of: α-leucine, α-valine, α-isoleucine, α-phenylalanine, α-hydroxy methionine; and/or α-tryptophan, and/or α-tyrosine; 2) L-lysine monoacetate, L-threonine; and/or 3) histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, as amino acids or base acids. The specific formulation administered depends in part upon which stage 2-5 of renal disease the patient has. The invention further comprises methods of treatment of disorders associated with low serum albumin using the composition as an over-the-counter pill. The patient's serum albumin is tested on a periodic basis and the selected composition and dose are adjusted accordingly. And the invention comprises method of making α-leucine, α-valine, α-isoleucine, a-tyrosine and α-tryptophan in a multi-step process.

The present invention primarily relates to the use of a compound according to the general formula (I) wherein i) m is 1, n is 1, o is 0 or 1, Y is Hydrogen, or ii) m is 2, n is 0, o is 1, Y is methyl, and wherein X is O or methylene, R and R1 are each methyl or form together with the carbon atom attached to a carbonyl group, and R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, butan-2-one-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, or tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, as perfuming ingredients. Moreover, the present invention relates to perfume compositions and perfumed products comprising the before mentioned perfuming ingredients. Still more particularly, the invention relates to a method for producing said perfumed products and a method of imparting and/or increasing musk odor characteristics to perfumed products. This invention also relates to a process for the preparation of said compounds according to the general formula (I).

The present invention primarily relates to the use of a compound according to the general formula (I) wherein i) m is 1, n is 1, o is 0 or 1, Y is Hydrogen, or ii) m is 2, n is 0, o is 1, Y is methyl, and wherein X is O or methylene, R and R1 are each methyl or form together with the carbon atom attached to a carbonyl group, and R2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, butan-2-one-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, or tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, as perfuming ingredients. Moreover, the present invention relates to perfume compositions and perfumed products comprising the before mentioned perfuming ingredients. Still more particularly, the invention relates to a method for producing said perfumed products and a method of imparting and/or increasing musk odor characteristics to perfumed products. This invention also relates to a process for the preparation of said compounds according to the general formula (I).

The present invention provides a process for preparation of {(2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl)phenyl-3,7-dimethyl-nona-2,4,6,8}tetraenoate, an acitretin intermediate of formula (VI) with trans isomer≧97%, comprising of reacting 3-formyl-crotonic acid butyl ester of formula (V), substantially free of impurities, with 5-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-penta-2,4-diene-1-triphenyl phosphonium bromide of formula (IV) and isolating resultant compound of formula (VI), treating the filtrate with iodine for isomerization of the undesired cis intermediate and finally obtaining acitretin (I), with desired trans isomer≧97%.

The present invention provides a process for preparation of {(2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl)phenyl-3,7-dimethyl-nona-2,4,6,8}tetraenoate, an acitretin intermediate of formula (VI) with trans isomer≧97%, comprising of reacting 3-formyl-crotonic acid butyl ester of formula (V), substantially free of impurities, with 5-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-penta-2,4-diene-1-triphenyl phosphonium bromide of formula (IV) and isolating resultant compound of formula (VI), treating the filtrate with iodine for isomerization of the undesired cis intermediate and finally obtaining acitretin (I), with desired trans isomer≧97%.

This invention relates to methods for the synthesis of spiro[2.5]octane-5, 7-dione and spiro[3.5]nonane-6, 8-dione which are useful as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceutically active ingredients.

This invention relates to methods for the synthesis of spiro[2.5]octane-5, 7-dione and spiro[3.5]nonane-6, 8-dione which are useful as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceutically active ingredients.