The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H, C—O, C—S, or C—N bond conversion and methods of synthesizing isotopically-labeled substituted arenes via direct carbon-halogen bond conversion. The invention also relates to anaerobic catalyst systems comprising an acridinium photocatalyst and a nucleophile selected from a halide, a cyanide, and an isotopically-labeled amine. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The present disclosure relates to methods of carbon-carbon bond fragmentation.

The present disclosure relates to methods of carbon-carbon bond fragmentation.

A method by which an intermediate product of an azole derivative can be produced at a lower cost than known production methods is provided. A method for producing a compound represented by General Formula (IV) includes converting a compound represented by General Formula (II) into the compound represented by General Formula (IV) using (a) dimethyl sulfide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide, and (b) a methyl-LG (an LG is a nucleophilically substitutable leaving group and is selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, an alkoxysulfonyloxy group, an aryloxysulfonyloxy group, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, a haloalkylsulfonyloxy group, and an arylsulfonyloxy group) in the presence of an inorganic base.

A method by which an intermediate product of an azole derivative can be produced at a lower cost than known production methods is provided. A method for producing a compound represented by General Formula (IV) includes converting a compound represented by General Formula (II) into the compound represented by General Formula (IV) using (a) dimethyl sulfide and/or dimethyl sulfoxide, and (b) a methyl-LG (an LG is a nucleophilically substitutable leaving group and is selected from the group consisting of a halogen group, an alkoxysulfonyloxy group, an aryloxysulfonyloxy group, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, a haloalkylsulfonyloxy group, and an arylsulfonyloxy group) in the presence of an inorganic base.

This invention provides a compound having the structure

##STR00001##

wherein α, β, X, Y, and R.sub.1-R.sub.11 are defined herein. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above compounds, a method of inhibiting the activity and/or levels of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a method of inhibiting the production of a cytokine in a population of cells, a method of inhibiting the production of a growth factor in a population of cells, and a method of inhibiting NF.sub.K-B activation in a population of cells.

This invention provides a compound having the structure

##STR00001##

wherein α, β, X, Y, and R.sub.1-R.sub.11 are defined herein. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above compounds, a method of inhibiting the activity and/or levels of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a method of inhibiting the production of a cytokine in a population of cells, a method of inhibiting the production of a growth factor in a population of cells, and a method of inhibiting NF.sub.K-B activation in a population of cells.

The present invention provides a process for preparing a (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (3), wherein R represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the process comprising subjecting a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of the following general formula (1), wherein R is as defined above, and Y represents a halogen atom, to a dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a base, followed by a rearrangement reaction to obtain a (1,2-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (2), wherein R is as defined above, and subjecting the (1,2-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl)acetate compound (2) to an epoxidation reaction, followed by an isomerization reaction and then a methylenation reaction to obtain the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (3). The present invention also provides a process for preparing (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetaldehyde of the following formula (4), the process comprising the aforesaid process for preparing the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound (3), and converting an alkoxycarbonylmethyl group (i.e., —CH.sub.2C(═O)OR) of the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound (3) to a formylmethyl group (i.e., —CH.sub.2CHO) to obtain (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetaldehyde (4). ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process for preparing a (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (3), wherein R represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the process comprising subjecting a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of the following general formula (1), wherein R is as defined above, and Y represents a halogen atom, to a dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a base, followed by a rearrangement reaction to obtain a (1,2-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (2), wherein R is as defined above, and subjecting the (1,2-dimethyl-2-cyclopentenyl)acetate compound (2) to an epoxidation reaction, followed by an isomerization reaction and then a methylenation reaction to obtain the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound of the following general formula (3). The present invention also provides a process for preparing (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetaldehyde of the following formula (4), the process comprising the aforesaid process for preparing the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound (3), and converting an alkoxycarbonylmethyl group (i.e., —CH.sub.2C(═O)OR) of the (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetate compound (3) to a formylmethyl group (i.e., —CH.sub.2CHO) to obtain (1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetaldehyde (4). ##STR00001##

A method of making a magnesium salt of an alpha keto acid of the amino acid comprising valine, leucine, and/or isoleucine: 1) combining ingredients comprising: a calcium salt of an amino acid valine, leucine, or isoleucine; water; hydrochloric acid; and methyl tert-butyl ether; 2) stirring for about thirty minutes; 3) allowing the composition to settle into two layers, and collecting the top organic layer, and adding water and magnesium carbonate to the top organic layer; 4) heating the composition for one hour to 60-65° Celsius; 5) removing the solvent, cooling, and adding methyl-tert-butyl ether; 6) stirring the composition for one hour at 25-30° Celsius; 7) filtering, washing, drying under vacuum, and storing the composition as a powder; and 8) wherein the powder is a safe consumable low nitrogen product orally administered within a food, a beverage, or a tablet to treat kidney disease.