Provided are an environmentally-friendly high-efficiency method of manufacturing an ester compound based on an esterification reaction using a salt ion-exchange method and an ester compound manufactured thereby. In the conventional esterification reaction, an ester was produced in low yields due to the hydrolysis (i.e., reverse reaction) caused by water, or it was required to continuously supply hydrochloric acid gas or use thionyl chloride, which is a hazardous material, and thus there were limitations in terms of environmental friendliness or cost. On the other hand, in the present invention, hydrochloric acid gas is continuously supplied using the salt ion-exchange method, and since magnesium sulfate acts as a dehydrating agent, the water generated in the esterification reaction is removed, and thus the occurrence of hydrolysis (i.e., reverse reaction) is suppressed and a conversion rate to the desired ester compound is increased. In addition, since the reactants are inexpensive and the product is less hazardous and easy to handle, a more efficient reaction is possible.

Provided are an environmentally-friendly high-efficiency method of manufacturing an ester compound based on an esterification reaction using a salt ion-exchange method and an ester compound manufactured thereby. In the conventional esterification reaction, an ester was produced in low yields due to the hydrolysis (i.e., reverse reaction) caused by water, or it was required to continuously supply hydrochloric acid gas or use thionyl chloride, which is a hazardous material, and thus there were limitations in terms of environmental friendliness or cost. On the other hand, in the present invention, hydrochloric acid gas is continuously supplied using the salt ion-exchange method, and since magnesium sulfate acts as a dehydrating agent, the water generated in the esterification reaction is removed, and thus the occurrence of hydrolysis (i.e., reverse reaction) is suppressed and a conversion rate to the desired ester compound is increased. In addition, since the reactants are inexpensive and the product is less hazardous and easy to handle, a more efficient reaction is possible.

The invention relates to a cocrystal comprising a) at least bilastine and, b) at least a cocrystal forming compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, adipic acid, sorbic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, L-malic acid, resorcinol, methyl 4-hydroxy benzoate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and mixtures thereof,
or a solvate thereof. The invention further relates to methods for obtaining said cocrystals and to their use in the treatment and/or prevention of conditions mediated by H.sub.1 histamine receptor, such as allergic disorders or diseases. The invention also relates to a method for increase the aqueous solubility of the above compounds of formula (I).

The invention relates to a cocrystal comprising a) at least bilastine and, b) at least a cocrystal forming compound selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, adipic acid, sorbic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, L-malic acid, resorcinol, methyl 4-hydroxy benzoate and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and mixtures thereof,
or a solvate thereof. The invention further relates to methods for obtaining said cocrystals and to their use in the treatment and/or prevention of conditions mediated by H.sub.1 histamine receptor, such as allergic disorders or diseases. The invention also relates to a method for increase the aqueous solubility of the above compounds of formula (I).

A nematic liquid crystal composition having negative dielectric anisotropy (), and a liquid crystal device element including the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition has sufficiently low viscosity (), sufficiently low rotational viscosity (1), a large elastic constant (K.sub.33), and a negative dielectric anisotropy () whose absolute value is large, without reducing the refractive index anisotropy (n) or the nematic-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (T.sub.ni). A VA-mode liquid crystal display element including the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal display element having no or minimal display defects and having excellent display quality and a fast response. The liquid crystal display element including the liquid crystal composition is useful for an active matrix-addressed liquid crystal display element and used for, for example, a VA- or PSVA-mode liquid crystal display element.

A nematic liquid crystal composition having negative dielectric anisotropy (), and a liquid crystal device element including the liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition has sufficiently low viscosity (), sufficiently low rotational viscosity (1), a large elastic constant (K.sub.33), and a negative dielectric anisotropy () whose absolute value is large, without reducing the refractive index anisotropy (n) or the nematic-isotropic liquid phase transition temperature (T.sub.ni). A VA-mode liquid crystal display element including the liquid crystal composition, the liquid crystal display element having no or minimal display defects and having excellent display quality and a fast response. The liquid crystal display element including the liquid crystal composition is useful for an active matrix-addressed liquid crystal display element and used for, for example, a VA- or PSVA-mode liquid crystal display element.

Provided herein are solid forms comprising (a) 4-amino-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidine-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione and (b) a coformer. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the solid forms (e.g., cocrystals) and methods for treating, preventing and managing various disorders are also disclosed.

The present disclosure relates, in general, to 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicyaldehyde compounds, processes for preparing 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, processes for preparing 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicyaldehyde compounds, processes for preparing 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, and processes that employ such compounds as intermediates in the preparation of the herbicide dicamba.

The present disclosure relates, in general, to 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicyaldehyde compounds, processes for preparing 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, processes for preparing 5-halo-3,6-dichlorosalicyaldehyde compounds, processes for preparing 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid compounds, and processes that employ such compounds as intermediates in the preparation of the herbicide dicamba.

The present invention is a resist material containing a repeating unit-a containing a sulfonium salt or iodonium salt of a monovalent aromatic carboxylic acid that is iodinated, is substituted or unsubstituted, and is bonded to a polymer main chain via an ester bond. This provides: a resist material having higher sensitivity and higher resolution than conventional positive resist materials, small edge roughness and size variation, and excellent pattern profile after exposure; a resist composition containing the resist material; a patterning process; and a monomer to be an ingredient for the resist material.