An onium salt having formula (1) serving as an acid diffusion inhibitor and a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the acid diffusion inhibitor are provided. When processed by lithography, the resist composition exhibits dissolution contrast, acid diffusion suppressing effect, and excellent lithography performance factors such as CDU, LWR and sensitivity. ##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides regioselective methods for synthesizing intermediates useful in making prostacyclin. The methods include heating the compound of Formula 2 at a temperature of 180° C. to 185° C. Wherein the heating ##STR00001##
comprises irradiating the compound of formula 2 with microwave radiation.

The present disclosure provides regioselective methods for synthesizing intermediates useful in making prostacyclin. The methods include heating the compound of Formula 2 at a temperature of 180° C. to 185° C. Wherein the heating ##STR00001##
comprises irradiating the compound of formula 2 with microwave radiation.

Provided is a compound having a wide temperature range exhibiting liquid crystallinity and excellent precipitation suppression and solubility; and a polymerizable composition, a cured product, an optical film, a polarizing plate, and an image display device, each using the compound. The compound is represented, for example, by Formula (1) or (2).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to mesogen compounds that include first, second, and third mesogens, in which the first and second mesogens are connected by a first linking group (-L.sup.1-), and the second and third mesogens are connected by a second linking group (-L.sup.2-), as represented by the following Formula (I), and as graphically illustrated by Formula (Ia) of FIG. 1 of the drawing:
(Mesogen-1)-L.sup.1-(Mesogen-2)-L.sup.2-(Mesogen-3)  (I)
At least one of Mesogen-1, Mesogen-2, or Mesogen-3 include at least four cyclic groups. The linking groups -L.sup.1- and -L.sup.2- are each free of mesogen properties (are each non-mesogenic) and each independently have an average chain length of at least 20 bonds. The mesogen compounds are optionally polymerizable. The present invention also relates to liquid crystal compositions that include such mesogen compounds, and to optical elements that include such mesogen compounds, such as in one or more mesogen-containing layers.

The present invention relates to mesogen compounds that include first, second, and third mesogens, in which the first and second mesogens are connected by a first linking group (-L.sup.1-), and the second and third mesogens are connected by a second linking group (-L.sup.2-), as represented by the following Formula (I), and as graphically illustrated by Formula (Ia) of FIG. 1 of the drawing:
(Mesogen-1)-L.sup.1-(Mesogen-2)-L.sup.2-(Mesogen-3)  (I)
At least one of Mesogen-1, Mesogen-2, or Mesogen-3 include at least four cyclic groups. The linking groups -L.sup.1- and -L.sup.2- are each free of mesogen properties (are each non-mesogenic) and each independently have an average chain length of at least 20 bonds. The mesogen compounds are optionally polymerizable. The present invention also relates to liquid crystal compositions that include such mesogen compounds, and to optical elements that include such mesogen compounds, such as in one or more mesogen-containing layers.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPR X4 generally, or for treating a MRGPR X4 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPR X4 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein n, x, A, Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Z, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as to compounds themselves, are also provided.

The present invention relates to mesogen compounds that include first, second, and third mesogens, in which the first and second mesogens are connected by a first linking group (-L.sup.1-), and the second and third mesogens are connected by a second linking group (-L.sup.2-), as represented by the following Formula (I): (I). At least one of Mesogen-1, Mesogen-2, or Mesogen-3 include at least four cyclic groups. The linking groups -L.sup.1- and -L.sup.2- are each free of mesogen properties (are each non-mesogenic) and each independently have an average chain length of at least 20 bonds. The mesogen compounds are optionally polymerizable. The present invention also relates to liquid crystal compositions that include such mesogen compounds, and to optical elements that include such mesogen compounds, such as in one or more mesogen-containing layers.

The present invention relates to mesogen compounds that include first, second, and third mesogens, in which the first and second mesogens are connected by a first linking group (-L.sup.1-), and the second and third mesogens are connected by a second linking group (-L.sup.2-), as represented by the following Formula (I): (I). At least one of Mesogen-1, Mesogen-2, or Mesogen-3 include at least four cyclic groups. The linking groups -L.sup.1- and -L.sup.2- are each free of mesogen properties (are each non-mesogenic) and each independently have an average chain length of at least 20 bonds. The mesogen compounds are optionally polymerizable. The present invention also relates to liquid crystal compositions that include such mesogen compounds, and to optical elements that include such mesogen compounds, such as in one or more mesogen-containing layers.

The present invention provides a compound having a dihydropyran structure, a method of producing a compound having a dihydropyran structure, a method of producing Pre-SMTP, a method of producing a group of SMTPs, and a pharmaceutical composition. The compound having a dihydropyran structure can be a useful intermediate in the chemically producing a group of Pre-SMTP and SMTP. Specifically, the compound having a dihydropyran structure is represented by the following formula (1), wherein: R.sub.3Si is a silyl group selected from TMS: trimethylsilyl, TES: triethysilyl, TBS (TBDMS): tert-butyldimethylsil, TIPS: triisopropylsilyl, TBDPS: tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, X is selected from COOH, CHO, and —CH═C(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH═C(CH.sub.3).sub.2. ##STR00001##