To provide a light receiving element including: a photoelectric conversion unit (PD) that is provided in a semiconductor substrate and converts light into a charge; a first charge accumulation unit (MEM) to which the charge is transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit; a second charge accumulation unit (MEM) to which the charge is transferred from the photoelectric conversion unit, in which each of the first and second charge accumulation units includes a stack of an electrode, a first insulating layer, and a semiconductor layer.

The present technology relates to a surgical system and a surgical imaging device enabled to reduce latency. The surgical imaging device generates a surgical image by imaging the inside of a living body, a signal processing device performs predetermined signal processing on the surgical image, and a display device displays the surgical image on which the signal processing is performed. The imaging device generates the surgical image on the basis of scan information indicating a scan order of the surgical image. The present technology can be applied to, for example, an endoscopic surgical system.

A plenoptic endoscope includes a fiber bundle with a distal end configured to receive light from a target imaging region, a sensor end disposed opposite the distal end, and a plurality of fiber optic strands each extending from the distal end to the sensor end. The plenoptic endoscope also includes an image sensor coupled to the sensor end of the fiber bundle, and a plurality of microlenses disposed between the image sensor and the sensor end of the fiber bundle, the plurality of microlens elements forming an array that receives light from one or more of the plurality of fiber optic strands of the fiber bundle and directs the light onto the image sensor. The plurality of microlens elements and the image sensor together form a plenoptic camera configured to capture information about a light field emanating from the target imaging region.

There is provided an objective optical system, an image pickup apparatus, and an endoscope that are short in overall length and simple in structure and have a focusing function. The objective optical system includes, in order from the object side to the image side, a positive front lens group and a positive rear lens group. Focusing is performed by moving the front lens group along the optical axis. The front lens group includes, in order from the object side, a negative first lens, a positive second lens, an aperture stop, and a positive third lens, as lenses having refractive power. The rear lens group includes, in order from the object side, a positive cemented fourth lens and a positive fifth lens having a convex surface facing toward the object. The objective optical system satisfies the following conditional expression (1):

0.35<FL/Ff<0.85  (1).

There is provided an objective optical system, an image pickup apparatus, and an endoscope that are small in size and easy to assemble. The objective optical system includes, in order from the object side to the image side, a negative front lens group, an aperture stop, and a positive rear lens group. The front lens group includes a negative first lens disposed closest to the object, a meniscus second lens having a convex surface facing toward the image side, and a view-direction changing element. The objective optical system satisfies the following conditional expressions (1) to (4):

9<FL2/FL<15 (1)

0.3<FL1/FLf <0.64 (2)

95<(r2f+r2r)/(r2f-r2r)<−18 (3)

2.8<FLr/FL<4 (4).

In some embodiments, a stereoscopic imaging apparatus includes a tubular housing having a bore extending longitudinally through the housing. First and second image sensors are disposed proximate a distal end of the bore, each including a light sensitive elements on a face and mounted facing laterally outward. The apparatus further includes a first beam steering element associated with the first image sensor and a second beam steering element associated with the second image sensor. The beam steering elements receive light from first and second perspective viewpoints and direct the received light onto the faces of the image sensors forming first and second images. Either the first and second beam steering elements or the first and second image sensors are moveable to cause a change a spacing between or an orientation of the perspective viewpoints to cause sufficient disparity between the first and second images to provide image data including three-dimensional information.

Endoscopic camera head devices and methods are provided using light captured by an endoscope system. Substantially afocal light from the endoscope is manipulated and split. After passing through focusing optics, another beamsplitter is used to split the light again, this time in image space, producing four portions of light that may be further manipulated. The four portions of light are focused onto separate areas of two image sensors. The manipulation of the beams can take several forms, each offering distinct advantages over existing systems when individually displayed, analyzed and/or combined by an image processor.

A medical observation device according to the present invention includes: an imaging unit that capture an image of a subject at a first angle of view; and an image generating unit that generates a display image signal by cutting, at a second angle of view smaller than the first angle of view, the image captured by the imaging unit at the first angle of view, and performing image processing thereon. This medical observation device enables the hand-eye coordination and definition to be maintained even if the field of view is changed.

An endoscope system includes an endoscope in which an actuator moves a movable lens and a position sensor outputs a position detection signal, and a processor including a driver circuit configured to drive the actuator and a driving control circuit configured to subject a deviation of the position detection signal to first correction based on individual processor correction data stored in a processor memory and controls the driver circuit based on a target position and the position detection signal subjected to the first correction.

A single solid-state image sensing device is disposed for a first optical system and a second optical system provided in a rigid endoscope. The first image formed by the first light beam emerging from the observation target and passing through the first optical system and the second image formed by the second light beam emerging from the observation target and passing through the second optical system are formed on the imaging surface of the solid-state image sensing device. The solid-state image sensing device then converts the first image and the second image into electric signals. In the picture display unit, the first picture corresponding to the first image and the second picture corresponding to the second image are displayed on the display surface based on the electric signal obtained by the solid-state image sensing device.