A preparation method of substituted primary amine is disclosed. The preparation method uses cyanophenyl and a derivative thereof as raw materials, nanoporous palladium as a catalyst, and H.sub.2 as a hydrogen source, and conducts selective hydrogenation to prepare the substituted primary amine. The molar concentration of the cyanophenyl and the derivative thereof in the solvent is 0.01-2 mmol/mL, and the molar ratio of the cyanophenyl to the derivative thereof to the catalyst is 1: 0.01-1: 0.5. The size of a pore framework of the nanoporous palladium is 1 nm-50 nm. The pressure of the H.sub.2 is 0.1-20.0 MPa. The obtained product has high selectivity; the present invention has mild reaction conditions, does not need any additive, and has simple operation and post-processing and good catalyst reproducibility. After repeatedly used, the catalytic activity of the present invention is not significantly reduced, thereby providing the possibility of realizing industrialization.

A method of synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) nanoparticles comprises combining a first nanoparticle precursor and a second nanoparticle precursor in one or more solvents to form a solution, followed by heating the solution to a first temperature for a first time period, then subsequently heating the solution to a second temperature for a second time period, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, to effect the conversion of the nanoparticle precursors into 2D nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the first nanoparticle precursor is a metal-amine complex and the second nanoparticle precursor is a slow-releasing chalcogen source.

A method of synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) nanoparticles comprises combining a first nanoparticle precursor and a second nanoparticle precursor in one or more solvents to form a solution, followed by heating the solution to a first temperature for a first time period, then subsequently heating the solution to a second temperature for a second time period, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature, to effect the conversion of the nanoparticle precursors into 2D nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the first nanoparticle precursor is a metal-amine complex and the second nanoparticle precursor is a slow-releasing chalcogen source.

Salts of hexylamine, for example, hexylamine succinate and tri-hexylamine citrate and their method of production are described. The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising hexyalmine, for example, for reducing appetite in a human subject, treating obesity in a human subject, preventing obesity in a human subject, preventing weight gain in a human subject, increasing fat loss in a human subject, treating an overweight human subject, increasing athletic performance in a human subject, increasing endurance in a human subject, increasing muscle strength in a human subject, improving cognitive function in a human subject, treating ADHD in a human subject, increasing sweating in a human subject, reducing reaction time of a human subject, increasing psychomotor vigilance of a human subject, enhancing memory in a human subject, increasing central nervous system activity in a human subject, and enhancing alertness, attention, concentration, and/or memory in a human subject.

Salts of hexylamine, for example, hexylamine succinate and tri-hexylamine citrate and their method of production are described. The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising hexyalmine, for example, for reducing appetite in a human subject, treating obesity in a human subject, preventing obesity in a human subject, preventing weight gain in a human subject, increasing fat loss in a human subject, treating an overweight human subject, increasing athletic performance in a human subject, increasing endurance in a human subject, increasing muscle strength in a human subject, improving cognitive function in a human subject, treating ADHD in a human subject, increasing sweating in a human subject, reducing reaction time of a human subject, increasing psychomotor vigilance of a human subject, enhancing memory in a human subject, increasing central nervous system activity in a human subject, and enhancing alertness, attention, concentration, and/or memory in a human subject.

Provided are a compound for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with PD-L1, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. Specifically, provided are the compound of formula I, the stereoisomer and the racemate thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and also provided is an application thereof in the preparation of a drug for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with PD-Ll.

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Provided are a compound for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with PD-L1, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. Specifically, provided are the compound of formula I, the stereoisomer and the racemate thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and also provided is an application thereof in the preparation of a drug for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with PD-Ll.

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Provided is a process for converting a hydrocarbon comprising at least one CH bond to a nitrogen-functionalized product. The process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon and (i) an oxidizing electrophile comprising (a) a main group element or transition metal in oxidized form and (b) at least one nitrogen-containing ligand, or (ii) an oxidant and a reduced form of an oxidizing electrophile comprising (a) a main group element or transition metal and (b) at least one nitrogen-containing ligand, in a solvent to provide the nitrogen-functionalized product and an electrophile reduction product. Further provided is an oxidizing composition comprising the oxidizing electrophile with at least one nitrogen-containing ligand and a non-oxidizable liquid.

Provided is a process for converting a hydrocarbon comprising at least one CH bond to a nitrogen-functionalized product. The process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon and (i) an oxidizing electrophile comprising (a) a main group element or transition metal in oxidized form and (b) at least one nitrogen-containing ligand, or (ii) an oxidant and a reduced form of an oxidizing electrophile comprising (a) a main group element or transition metal and (b) at least one nitrogen-containing ligand, in a solvent to provide the nitrogen-functionalized product and an electrophile reduction product. Further provided is an oxidizing composition comprising the oxidizing electrophile with at least one nitrogen-containing ligand and a non-oxidizable liquid.

The invention relates to the compounds or its pharmaceutical acceptable polymorphs, solvates, enantiomers, stereoisomers and hydrates thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compounds of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV, formula V, formula VI, formula VII, formula VIII, formula IX or Formula X and, the methods for the treatment of fungal infections may be formulated for oral, buccal, rectal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, lozenge, spray, intravenous, oral solution, buccal mucosal layer tablet, parenteral administration, syrup, or injection. Such compositions may be used to treatment of fungal infections.