The invention relates to a new process for the manufacture of fluoroaryl compounds and derivatives thereof, in particular of fluorobenzenes and derivatives thereof, and especially wherein said manufacture relates to an environmentally friendly production of the said compounds. Thus, the present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art processes, and in a surprisingly simple and beneficial manner, and as compared to the prior art processes, in particular, the invention provides a more efficient and energy saving processes, and also provides a more environmentally friendly process, for the manufacture of nuclear fluorinated aromatics, and preferably of nuclear fluorinated fluorobenzenes. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, an industrially beneficial process for preparing fluorobenzenes from halobenzene precursors using HF to form hydrogen halide is provided by the present invention. A beneficial and surprisingly simple use of chlorobenzene as an industrially interesting starting material in the manufacture of fluorobenzene is provided.

The invention relates to a new process for the manufacture of fluoroaryl compounds and derivatives thereof, in particular of fluorobenzenes and derivatives thereof, and especially wherein said manufacture relates to an environmentally friendly production of the said compounds. Thus, the present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art processes, and in a surprisingly simple and beneficial manner, and as compared to the prior art processes, in particular, the invention provides a more efficient and energy saving processes, and also provides a more environmentally friendly process, for the manufacture of nuclear fluorinated aromatics, and preferably of nuclear fluorinated fluorobenzenes. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, an industrially beneficial process for preparing fluorobenzenes from halobenzene precursors using HF to form hydrogen halide is provided by the present invention. A beneficial and surprisingly simple use of chlorobenzene as an industrially interesting starting material in the manufacture of fluorobenzene is provided.

Compositions including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, and the uses thereof. A composition including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane and at least one additional compound selected from 1,1-difluoroethylene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-difluoroethane, trans-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, cis-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloro-2-fluoroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloroethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethylene, isomers of chloropropene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1-chloroethylene, 1-fluoroethylene, H.sub.2O and HCl; the composition including at least 30% by weight of 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, based on the total weight of the composition.

Compositions including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, and the uses thereof. A composition including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane and at least one additional compound selected from 1,1-difluoroethylene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-difluoroethane, trans-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, cis-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloro-2-fluoroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloroethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethylene, isomers of chloropropene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1-chloroethylene, 1-fluoroethylene, H.sub.2O and HCl; the composition including at least 30% by weight of 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, based on the total weight of the composition.

Compositions including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, and the uses thereof. A composition including 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane and at least one additional compound selected from 1,1-difluoroethylene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, chlorotrifluoroethylene, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-difluoroethane, trans-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, cis-1-chloro-2-fluoroethylene, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethylene, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2-trichloro-2-fluoroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentachloroethane, tetrachloromethane, 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethylene, isomers of chloropropene, 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethylene, 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, 1-chloroethylene, 1-fluoroethylene, H.sub.2O and HCl; the composition including at least 30% by weight of 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane, based on the total weight of the composition.

The invention provides methods, compositions, and systems for barocaloric applications such as cooling, heating, and energy storage.

The invention provides methods, compositions, and systems for barocaloric applications such as cooling, heating, and energy storage.

In a method for synthesizing 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) or an N-substituted diamino derivative thereof or a salt of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene or of the N-substituted diamino derivative, a carbodiimide is reacted with a dinitromethane anion. The reaction of the carbodiimide with the dinitromethane anion takes place in a solution.

In a method for synthesizing 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) or an N-substituted diamino derivative thereof or a salt of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene or of the N-substituted diamino derivative, a carbodiimide is reacted with a dinitromethane anion. The reaction of the carbodiimide with the dinitromethane anion takes place in a solution.

In a method for synthesizing 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) or an N-substituted diamino derivative thereof or a salt of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene or of the N-substituted diamino derivative, a carbodiimide is reacted with a dinitromethane anion. The reaction of the carbodiimide with the dinitromethane anion takes place in a solution.