Methods of synthesizing compounds using CO.sub.2 as a directing group for CH functionalization, and compounds made thereby, are described.

Methods of synthesizing compounds using CO.sub.2 as a directing group for CH functionalization, and compounds made thereby, are described.

The invention relates to a novel process for preparing Spiro derivatives, in particular 7-methyl-2-[4-methyl-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-6-one, and to novel intermediates for use in said process along with processes for preparing said intermediates.

Application of a Mannich base in a flame-retardant polyurethane material is provided. The Mannich base has a structure represented by a formula (I). In the Mannich base, flame-retardant groups, i.e., halogens are introduced at the second, fourth and sixth positions of a phenyl group, and flame-retardant elements, i.e., halogens and nitrogen are introduced into synthesized polyether polyol, giving the synthesized polyether polyol good flame retardance. The amount of active hydrogen in the Mannich base is small so that occurrence of side reactions during the synthesis of the polyether polyol is reduced, and the viscosity of the flame-retardant polyether polyol is lowered. Due to autocatalytic performance of tertiary amido in the flame-retardant polyether polyol, use of a catalyst can be reduced and even avoided during the synthesis. A preparation method of the Mannich base is also provided.

Application of a Mannich base in a flame-retardant polyurethane material is provided. The Mannich base has a structure represented by a formula (I). In the Mannich base, flame-retardant groups, i.e., halogens are introduced at the second, fourth and sixth positions of a phenyl group, and flame-retardant elements, i.e., halogens and nitrogen are introduced into synthesized polyether polyol, giving the synthesized polyether polyol good flame retardance. The amount of active hydrogen in the Mannich base is small so that occurrence of side reactions during the synthesis of the polyether polyol is reduced, and the viscosity of the flame-retardant polyether polyol is lowered. Due to autocatalytic performance of tertiary amido in the flame-retardant polyether polyol, use of a catalyst can be reduced and even avoided during the synthesis. A preparation method of the Mannich base is also provided.

Disclosed herein are polymorphic and amorphous forms of anhydrate, hydrate, and solvates of (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide and methods of using such compositions for treating or suppressing oxidative stress disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, impaired energy processing disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and diseases of aging. Further disclosed are methods of making such polymorphic and amorphous forms.

Disclosed herein are polymorphic and amorphous forms of anhydrate, hydrate, and solvates of (R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(2,4,5-trimethyl-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)butanamide and methods of using such compositions for treating or suppressing oxidative stress disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, impaired energy processing disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and diseases of aging. Further disclosed are methods of making such polymorphic and amorphous forms.

Provided are a method of electrically modifying an electrode surface with dopamine-hyaluronic acid conjugates and technologies to suppress adsorption of harmful biomaterials and organisms by imparting anti-fouling to the electrode surface using the same and to maintain electrical properties of the electrode. More specifically, provided is a technology of coating an electrode surface via a dopamine functional group by electrochemically oxidizing dopamine-conjugated biocompatible polysaccharide polymers around the electrode. This aims to confirm the capability of suppressing organism adhesion depending on whether or not cells are adsorbed after coating the electrode surface, and to identify that electrochemical performance of the electrode is maintained or a slight increase in electrode resistance is kept, even after the electrode coating. The surface modified electrode according to the present invention can be widely used in the field of biomaterials such as bio-electrodes, bio-sensors and cell supports.

Provided are a method of electrically modifying an electrode surface with dopamine-hyaluronic acid conjugates and technologies to suppress adsorption of harmful biomaterials and organisms by imparting anti-fouling to the electrode surface using the same and to maintain electrical properties of the electrode. More specifically, provided is a technology of coating an electrode surface via a dopamine functional group by electrochemically oxidizing dopamine-conjugated biocompatible polysaccharide polymers around the electrode. This aims to confirm the capability of suppressing organism adhesion depending on whether or not cells are adsorbed after coating the electrode surface, and to identify that electrochemical performance of the electrode is maintained or a slight increase in electrode resistance is kept, even after the electrode coating. The surface modified electrode according to the present invention can be widely used in the field of biomaterials such as bio-electrodes, bio-sensors and cell supports.

Provided are inhibitors of sphingosine kinase Type I that are useful in a number of applications, indications and diseases, as well as for monitoring pharmacokinetics and patient management. These compounds are applicable to treating ischemic diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke.