This invention relates to lysine isotopologues of Formulas I and 1-A, as described herein, and processes for synthesizing the same and derivatives and intermediates involved therein. In one aspect, described herein is a chemical compound comprising an isotopically labeled analog, i.e., an isotopologue of a standard or naturally occurring lysine. The lysine isotopologue is synthetically formed to have stable isotopes of elements incorporated at selected positions. As such, the lysine isotopologue has a molecular mass different from the mass of a standard or naturally occurring lysine.

This invention relates to lysine isotopologues of Formulas I and 1-A, as described herein, and processes for synthesizing the same and derivatives and intermediates involved therein. In one aspect, described herein is a chemical compound comprising an isotopically labeled analog, i.e., an isotopologue of a standard or naturally occurring lysine. The lysine isotopologue is synthetically formed to have stable isotopes of elements incorporated at selected positions. As such, the lysine isotopologue has a molecular mass different from the mass of a standard or naturally occurring lysine.

There are provided for herein novel amine-containing transfection compounds and methods for making and using same. The compounds are generally obtained by reacting a primary amine with an unsaturated compound. Transfection complexes made using the amine-containing transfection compounds in combination with additional compounds to encapsulate biologically active agents such as nucleic acids are also provided for herein. Methods of using the transfection complexes for the in vivo or in vitro delivery of biologically active agents are also described. The transfection complexes of the present invention are highly potent, thereby allowing effective modulation of a biological activity at relatively low doses compared to analogous transfection compounds known in the art.

There are provided for herein novel amine-containing transfection compounds and methods for making and using same. The compounds are generally obtained by reacting a primary amine with an unsaturated compound. Transfection complexes made using the amine-containing transfection compounds in combination with additional compounds to encapsulate biologically active agents such as nucleic acids are also provided for herein. Methods of using the transfection complexes for the in vivo or in vitro delivery of biologically active agents are also described. The transfection complexes of the present invention are highly potent, thereby allowing effective modulation of a biological activity at relatively low doses compared to analogous transfection compounds known in the art.

The present invention is related with the obtaining process and use of branched germinal zwitterionic liquids based on either bis-N,N-dialkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dialkenyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dicycloalkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N,N-diaryl-N-polyether-betaine, to be applied as modifiers of the wettability of rocks such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone, quartz or heteregenous lithologies, under the presence of brines having high content of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, barium or strontium, under high temperature and high pressure within enhanced oil recovery processes in order to increase the oil production.

The branched germinal zwitterionic liquids of the present invention have moreover the property to act as viscosity reducers of heavy oils having high content of polar fractions, both for extraction and production, and transport and storage operations, so allowing increase the production level of this oil type. An additional advantage shown by the zwitterionic liquids, derived from their molecular structure, is that they can be handed in such a manner that can be dissolved by water, hydrocarbon or other polar and non-polar solvents.

The present invention is related with the obtaining process and use of branched germinal zwitterionic liquids based on either bis-N,N-dialkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dialkenyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N, N-dicycloalkyl-N-polyether-betaine or bis-N,N-diaryl-N-polyether-betaine, to be applied as modifiers of the wettability of rocks such as limestone, dolomite, sandstone, quartz or heteregenous lithologies, under the presence of brines having high content of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, barium or strontium, under high temperature and high pressure within enhanced oil recovery processes in order to increase the oil production.

The branched germinal zwitterionic liquids of the present invention have moreover the property to act as viscosity reducers of heavy oils having high content of polar fractions, both for extraction and production, and transport and storage operations, so allowing increase the production level of this oil type. An additional advantage shown by the zwitterionic liquids, derived from their molecular structure, is that they can be handed in such a manner that can be dissolved by water, hydrocarbon or other polar and non-polar solvents.

Improved methods of causing vasodilation in a human subject are disclosed. In one implementation, the human subject is administered a dose of a nitrate salt of arginine, norvaline, or ornithine, wherein the dose of the nitrate salt of the amino acid in moles of the amino acid is less than a molar amount of the amino acid needed to cause vasodilation in the human subject. In another implementation, the human subject is administered a composition comprising a dose of a nitrate salt and an amount of an amino acid, wherein the dose of the nitrate salt in the composition in moles of the nitrate salt is less than a molar amount of the nitrate salt that needs be administered alone in order to induce vasodilation in the human subject. The amino acid in the composition is selected from the group consisting of: arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, leucine, norvaline, and ornithine.

The present disclosure is directed to formulations comprising (1) at least one formulation transport agent, (2) at least one complexing agent, and (3) at least one active agent that modulates one or more traits of a target insect, plant, or plant pathogen. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of delivering such formulations to the target organism, as well as to formulation transport agents used to prepare such formulations.

Provided is a stable isotope-labeled aliphatic amino acid enabling the assignment of the signal of an amino acid residue side chain by increasing to the maximum the observation sensitivity to an NMR signal of the same amino acid residue side chain, and allowing NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) between protons in the amino acid residue to be observed. The stable isotope-labeled aliphatic amino acid is for constituting a protein and satisfies all of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) two or more carbon atoms are labeled with .sup.13C; (2) of two or more carbon atoms labeled with .sup.13C, a carbon atom other than a carbon atom of a methyl group, which is capable of bonding to a hydrogen atom, has one .sup.1H directly bonded thereto, while the carbon atom of the methyl group has at least one .sup.1H directly bonded thereto; and (3) other carbon atoms adjacent to all the .sup.13C are all .sup.12C.

Provided is a stable isotope-labeled aliphatic amino acid enabling the assignment of the signal of an amino acid residue side chain by increasing to the maximum the observation sensitivity to an NMR signal of the same amino acid residue side chain, and allowing NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) between protons in the amino acid residue to be observed. The stable isotope-labeled aliphatic amino acid is for constituting a protein and satisfies all of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) two or more carbon atoms are labeled with .sup.13C; (2) of two or more carbon atoms labeled with .sup.13C, a carbon atom other than a carbon atom of a methyl group, which is capable of bonding to a hydrogen atom, has one .sup.1H directly bonded thereto, while the carbon atom of the methyl group has at least one .sup.1H directly bonded thereto; and (3) other carbon atoms adjacent to all the .sup.13C are all .sup.12C.