Provided is a method for preparing β-alanine, the method comprising: preparing a β-alanine product from a reactant containing fumaric acid and aqueous ammonia in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst contains a catalyst composition containing aspartase and L-aspartic acid-α-decarboxylase, and adding fumaric acid during the reaction, wherein the total moles of the fumaric acid added is equal to the initial moles of the aqueous ammonia in the reactant minus the initial moles of the fumaric acid in the reactant. Also provided are methods for preparing a β-alanine salt (in particular calcium β-alanine, sodium β-alanine, and potassium β-alanine) and a pantothenate (in particular calcium pantothenate, sodium pantothenate, and potassium pantothenate).

The present disclosure relates to carbon dots, uses thereof and methods of manufacture thereof. For example, such carbon dots can be used in the production of biofuels such as biodiesel. For example, these carbon dots can be used as catalysts in transesterification reactions. For example, these carbon dots can be glycine-citric acid carbon dots, amine-passivated carbon dots, or combinations thereof.

The present disclosure relates to carbon dots, uses thereof and methods of manufacture thereof. For example, such carbon dots can be used in the production of biofuels such as biodiesel. For example, these carbon dots can be used as catalysts in transesterification reactions. For example, these carbon dots can be glycine-citric acid carbon dots, amine-passivated carbon dots, or combinations thereof.

Methods for making prodrugs of treprostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18 alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.

Methods for making prodrugs of treprostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18 alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18 alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.

The present invention relates to a composition for clearing a biotissue and a method for clearing a biotissue using thereof.

The present invention relates to a composition for clearing a biotissue and a method for clearing a biotissue using thereof.

Methods for making prodrugs of trepreostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.

Methods for making prodrugs of trepreostinil and treprostinil derivatives are provided. Specifically, methods are provided herein for producing prostacyclin compounds comprising treprostinil covalently linked to a linear C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, branched C.sub.5-C.sub.18 alkyl, linear C.sub.2-C.sub.18alkenyl, branched C.sub.3-C.sub.18alkenyl, aryl, aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or an amino acid or a peptide (e.g., dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide). The linkage, in one embodiment, is via an amide or ester bond. Prostacyclin compounds provided herein can also include at least one hydrogen atom substituted with at least one deuterium atom. The compounds provided herein can be used to treat pulmonary hypertension (e.g., pulmonary arterial hypertension) and portopulmonary hypertension.

A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; R.sup.Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents -ArSO.sub.3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR.sub.4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydrogen or a C.sub.1-4 organic group.