Disclosed are a method of synthesizing prothioconazole and optically active isomers thereof and intermediates. The method includes reacting hydrazine with glyoxylic acid to produce a hydrazono acetic acid as an intermediate, and then reacting the intermediate with thiocyanate to produce the target product prothioconazole. The present method is very specific in terms of regioselectivity, resulting in minimum byproducts and a high product yield. The present method does not require special equipment, nor anhydrous or oxygen-free manipulations. The process is simple and generates minimum wastes, suitable for industrial production.

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, ?-aminoalkyls, ?-(substituted)aminoalkyls, ?-phosphoalkyls, ?-thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, ?-aminoalkyls, ?-(substituted)aminoalkyls, ?-phosphoalkyls, ?-thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structures:

##STR00001##

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structures:

##STR00001##

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention

##STR00001##

provides lipids having the following structure XXXIII, wherein:
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, -aminoalkyls, -(substituted)aminoalkyls, -phosphoalkyls, -thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention

##STR00001##

provides lipids having the following structure XXXIII, wherein:
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently for each occurrence optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.10-C.sub.30 acyl, or -linker-ligand; R.sub.3 is H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, alkylhetrocycle, alkylphosphate, alkylphosphorothioate, alkylphosphorodithioate, alkylphosphonates, alkylamines, hydroxyalkyls, -aminoalkyls, -(substituted)aminoalkyls, -phosphoalkyls, -thiophosphoalkyls, optionally substituted polyethylene glycol (PEG, mw 100-40K), optionally substituted mPEG (mw 120-40K), heteroaryl, heterocycle, or linker-ligand; and E is C(O)O or OC(O).

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure:

##STR00001##

The present invention provides lipids that are advantageously used in lipid particles for the in vivo delivery of therapeutic agents to cells. In particular, the invention provides lipids having the following structure:

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein are controlled-release oral pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising MGBG, and their application for the improved treatment of diseases with reduced side effects and/or longer time at maximum concentration.