The present invention relates to certain substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives of Formula (Ia) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which exhibit useful pharmacological properties, for example, as agonists of the S1P1 receptor.

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Also provided by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention, and methods of using the compounds and compositions of the invention in the treatment of S1P1 receptor-associated disorders, for example, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, acne, microbial infections or diseases and viral infections or diseases.

A method for manufacturing a higher purity nitrile solvent by purifying a nitrile solvent containing an impurity, e.g an imine. The nitrile solvent may contain an imine and a conjugated diene, a carbonyl compound, or a high-boiling material as impurities. A method for purifying a nitrile solvent, such as isobutyronitrile, including bringing nitrile solvent containing an imine, e.g., as an impurity, into contact with an acidic aqueous solution having a pH of 3 or less, such as hydrochloric acid; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with acidic aqueous solution into contact with an aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution, such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution; and distilling the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the alkaline aqueous solution.

A method for manufacturing a higher purity nitrile solvent by purifying a nitrile solvent containing an impurity, e.g an imine. The nitrile solvent may contain an imine and a conjugated diene, a carbonyl compound, or a high-boiling material as impurities. A method for purifying a nitrile solvent, such as isobutyronitrile, including bringing nitrile solvent containing an imine, e.g., as an impurity, into contact with an acidic aqueous solution having a pH of 3 or less, such as hydrochloric acid; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with acidic aqueous solution into contact with an aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution; bringing the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfite solution into contact with an alkaline aqueous solution, such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution; and distilling the nitrile solvent having been contacted with the alkaline aqueous solution.

A porous chiral material of formula [M(L).sub.1.5(A)].sup.+X.sup. wherein M is a metal ion; L is a nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand; A is the anion of mandelic acid or a related acid; and X.sup. is an anion.

A porous chiral material of formula [M(L).sub.1.5(A)].sup.+X.sup. wherein M is a metal ion; L is a nitrogen-containing bidentate ligand; A is the anion of mandelic acid or a related acid; and X.sup. is an anion.

The present invention generally relates to processes for converting acrylate esters or a derivative thereof to difluoropropionic acid or a derivative thereof. This process is generally performed using fluorine gas in a hydrofluorocarbon solvent.

The present invention generally relates to processes for converting acrylate esters or a derivative thereof to difluoropropionic acid or a derivative thereof. This process is generally performed using fluorine gas in a hydrofluorocarbon solvent.

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375 C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375 C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a catalyst and/or a precatalyst, in particular a single site catalyst and/or a single site precatalyst, for the oxidation and/or ammoxidation of olefins to produce aldehydes and/or nitriles, methods of preparing a corresponding catalyst and/or precatalyst, in particular single site catalyst and/or single site precatalyst, and methods of using said catalyst and/or precatalyst, in particular said single site catalyst and/or single site precatalyst, to produce aldehydes and/or nitriles.