A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid including 2 or more cations in a molecule of the conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid includes a monovalent group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in acetonitrile of 10 or less.

A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid including 2 or more cations in a molecule of the conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid includes a monovalent group including a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and an acid that is a source of the conjugate base has a pKa in acetonitrile of 10 or less.

An electrolyte includes a compound of formula 1: ##STR00001## formula 1. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from H, halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, or any combination thereof. R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl group, a butyrolactam group, ##STR00002##
or any combination thereof.

An electrolyte includes a compound of formula 1: ##STR00001## formula 1. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from H, halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, or any combination thereof. R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl group, a butyrolactam group, ##STR00002##
or any combination thereof.

The disclosure relates to the cyanocarbon compositions and processes for producing the same. The cyanocarbon compositions comprise tricyanohexane and one or more coproducts of the tricyanohexane production reaction. Exemplary coproducts include tetracyano compounds, cyanoalkenes, cyanooximes, cyanoamides, and combinations thereof.

The disclosure relates to the cyanocarbon compositions and processes for producing the same. The cyanocarbon compositions comprise tricyanohexane and one or more coproducts of the tricyanohexane production reaction. Exemplary coproducts include tetracyano compounds, cyanoalkenes, cyanooximes, cyanoamides, and combinations thereof.

An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III: ##STR00001##
The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

An electrolyte including one or more nitrile benzoquinone compounds, and the nitrile benzoquinone compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by formula I, formula II, and formula III: ##STR00001##
The substituents R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 ether group, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkoxy group, halogen, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2 to C.sub.12 alkynyl group, and a C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 aryl group. The electrolyte can form a stable protective film on a cathode, thereby increasing the cycle capacity retention rate and high temperature storage performance of an electrochemical device.

An electrolyte solution includes a compound represented by Formula I:

##STR00001## where m, n, k, and x are each independently selected from 1, 2, or 3; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl, wherein when substituted, a substituent is independently selected from halogen. The multi-cyano (CN) compound represented by Formula I is introduced into the electrolyte solution, so that the multi-cyano group can stabilize a transition metal in a positive active material and protect a positive electrode interface. The compound represented by Formula I can also be reduced at a negative electrode to protect a negative electrode interface and play a role in suppressing continuous decomposition of the electrolyte solution and suppressing gas production.

An electrolyte solution includes a compound represented by Formula I:

##STR00001## where m, n, k, and x are each independently selected from 1, 2, or 3; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl, wherein when substituted, a substituent is independently selected from halogen. The multi-cyano (CN) compound represented by Formula I is introduced into the electrolyte solution, so that the multi-cyano group can stabilize a transition metal in a positive active material and protect a positive electrode interface. The compound represented by Formula I can also be reduced at a negative electrode to protect a negative electrode interface and play a role in suppressing continuous decomposition of the electrolyte solution and suppressing gas production.