An electrochemical device includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and an electrolyte, where the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode active material layer. Observed along a thickness direction of the electrochemical device, in a width direction of the negative electrode plate, the negative electrode active material layer includes two protruding regions not overlapping with the positive electrode active material layer on two sides, and a width M mm of the protruding region is 0.5 mm to 2 mm. The electrolyte includes a polynitrile compound, and the polynitrile compound includes a compound represented by formula I-A. Based on a mass of the electrolyte, a mass percentage N % of the polynitrile compound is 0.01% to 8%. 0.01MN<10.

An electrochemical device includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and an electrolyte, where the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode active material layer, and the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode active material layer. Observed along a thickness direction of the electrochemical device, in a width direction of the negative electrode plate, the negative electrode active material layer includes two protruding regions not overlapping with the positive electrode active material layer on two sides, and a width M mm of the protruding region is 0.5 mm to 2 mm. The electrolyte includes a polynitrile compound, and the polynitrile compound includes a compound represented by formula I-A. Based on a mass of the electrolyte, a mass percentage N % of the polynitrile compound is 0.01% to 8%. 0.01MN<10.

A liquid lens can include a lens body forming a cavity with a conducting liquid and an insulating liquid disposed therein, the conducting liquid substantially immiscible with the insulating liquid to define an interface between the conducting and insulating liquids. The conducting liquid can include an ionic compound of either a dicyanamide anion and a cation counterion, or a tricyanomethanide anion and a cation counterion, the dicyanamide anion having the formula the tricyanomethanide anion having the formula and the cation counterion is one of an imidazolium, a pyrrolidininium, a piperidinium, a phosphonium, a pyridinium, a pyrrolinium or a sulfonium cation. The ionic compound of the conducting liquid can be N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricyanomethanide, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide, among others. The conducting liquid can have transmittance of at least 50% over a thickness of 1 mm for electromagnetic waves having wavelength of 1550 nm. ##STR00001##

A liquid lens can include a lens body forming a cavity with a conducting liquid and an insulating liquid disposed therein, the conducting liquid substantially immiscible with the insulating liquid to define an interface between the conducting and insulating liquids. The conducting liquid can include an ionic compound of either a dicyanamide anion and a cation counterion, or a tricyanomethanide anion and a cation counterion, the dicyanamide anion having the formula the tricyanomethanide anion having the formula and the cation counterion is one of an imidazolium, a pyrrolidininium, a piperidinium, a phosphonium, a pyridinium, a pyrrolinium or a sulfonium cation. The ionic compound of the conducting liquid can be N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tricyanomethanide, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide, among others. The conducting liquid can have transmittance of at least 50% over a thickness of 1 mm for electromagnetic waves having wavelength of 1550 nm. ##STR00001##

An electrolyte includes diglycolic anhydride and a trinitrile compound, with which the cycle performance and the high-temperature stability under over-discharge conditions of lithium-ion batteries are significantly improved. The electrolyte includes a compound of Formula I; and at least one of a compound of Formula II or a compound of Formula III; ##STR00001##
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aryloxy, wherein when substituted, the substituent is halo, cyano, or C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl; and a, d and f are each independently selected from an integer from 1 to 5, and b, c, e, g, h and i are each independently selected from an integer from 0 to 5.

An electrolyte includes diglycolic anhydride and a trinitrile compound, with which the cycle performance and the high-temperature stability under over-discharge conditions of lithium-ion batteries are significantly improved. The electrolyte includes a compound of Formula I; and at least one of a compound of Formula II or a compound of Formula III; ##STR00001##
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.12 aryloxy, wherein when substituted, the substituent is halo, cyano, or C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl; and a, d and f are each independently selected from an integer from 1 to 5, and b, c, e, g, h and i are each independently selected from an integer from 0 to 5.

The disclosure relates to the cyanocarbon compositions and processes for producing the same. The cyanocarbon compositions comprise tricyanohexane and one or more coproducts of the tricyanohexane production reaction. Exemplary coproducts include tetracyano compounds, cyanoalkenes, cyanooximes, cyanoamides, and combinations thereof.

The disclosure relates to the cyanocarbon compositions and processes for producing the same. The cyanocarbon compositions comprise tricyanohexane and one or more coproducts of the tricyanohexane production reaction. Exemplary coproducts include tetracyano compounds, cyanoalkenes, cyanooximes, cyanoamides, and combinations thereof.

The disclosure relates to the cyanocarbon compositions and processes for producing the same. The cyanocarbon compositions comprise tricyanohexane and one or more coproducts of the tricyanohexane production reaction. Exemplary coproducts include tetracyano compounds, cyanoalkenes, cyanooximes, cyanoamides, and combinations thereof.

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an aliphatic nitrile-based compound by directly substituting an aliphatic compound having two or more carboxyl groups with a nitrile-based compound.