A process for the nitrilation of a fatty acid or of a fatty acid ester, which is optionally unsaturated, by reacting the fatty acid or fatty acid ester with ammonia in a reactor operating continuously in the gas phase or in the mixed gas-liquid phase in a temperature range of from 180 to 400 C., in the presence of a solid catalyst comprising at least one metal oxide, the metal of which belongs to column 8 of the periodic table, as a mixture with at least one metal oxide chosen from aluminum oxides, zirconium oxides, niobium oxides, tantalum oxides and tin oxides, the metal oxide(s), the metal of which belongs to column 8, being present in a volume ratio of 0.1 to 0.6 relative to the volume of the mixture of all the oxides.

A process for the nitrilation of a fatty acid or of a fatty acid ester, which is optionally unsaturated, by reacting the fatty acid or fatty acid ester with ammonia in a reactor operating continuously in the gas phase or in the mixed gas-liquid phase in a temperature range of from 180 to 400 C., in the presence of a solid catalyst comprising at least one metal oxide, the metal of which belongs to column 8 of the periodic table, as a mixture with at least one metal oxide chosen from aluminum oxides, zirconium oxides, niobium oxides, tantalum oxides and tin oxides, the metal oxide(s), the metal of which belongs to column 8, being present in a volume ratio of 0.1 to 0.6 relative to the volume of the mixture of all the oxides.

The present invention provides: a fluorinated ether compound and a coating liquid capable of forming a surface layer excellent in water/oil repellency, abrasion resistance, fingerprint stain removability and lubricity and an article having a surface layer excellent in water/oil repellency, abrasion resistance, fingerprint stain removability and lubricity. Provided is a fluorinated ether compound represented by [R.sup.f-G-].sub.aZ[-(OR.sup.2).sub.cSiR.sup.3.sub.nL.sub.3-n].sub.b wherein R.sup.f: a linear polyfluoroalkyl group having at least two carbon atoms, which has at least one etheric oxygen between carbon-carbon atoms, G: R.sup.1O, R.sup.1CONH, CONH or a single bond, R.sup.1: an alkylene group, Z: a hydrocarbon group having a valence of (a+b) or the like, R.sup.2: an alkylene group, R.sup.3: a monovalent hydrocarbon group or the like, L: a hydrolyzable group, n: from 0 to 2, a: an integer of at least 1, b: an integer of at least 1, (a+b): at least 3, when a is 1, b is at least 4, and when a is at least 2, b is at least 1, and c: 0 or 1.

The present invention provides: a fluorinated ether compound and a coating liquid capable of forming a surface layer excellent in water/oil repellency, abrasion resistance, fingerprint stain removability and lubricity and an article having a surface layer excellent in water/oil repellency, abrasion resistance, fingerprint stain removability and lubricity. Provided is a fluorinated ether compound represented by [R.sup.f-G-].sub.aZ[-(OR.sup.2).sub.cSiR.sup.3.sub.nL.sub.3-n].sub.b wherein R.sup.f: a linear polyfluoroalkyl group having at least two carbon atoms, which has at least one etheric oxygen between carbon-carbon atoms, G: R.sup.1O, R.sup.1CONH, CONH or a single bond, R.sup.1: an alkylene group, Z: a hydrocarbon group having a valence of (a+b) or the like, R.sup.2: an alkylene group, R.sup.3: a monovalent hydrocarbon group or the like, L: a hydrolyzable group, n: from 0 to 2, a: an integer of at least 1, b: an integer of at least 1, (a+b): at least 3, when a is 1, b is at least 4, and when a is at least 2, b is at least 1, and c: 0 or 1.

The present invention refers to processes for catalytic reversible alkene-nitrile interconversion through controllable HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation.

The present invention refers to processes for catalytic reversible alkene-nitrile interconversion through controllable HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation.

Bio-based materials, e.g., epoxide starting material, a beta-lactone starting material and/or a beta-hydroxy amide starting material, may be used as feedstocks in processes for making and using acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile derivatives to produce, among other products, carbon fibers and carbon black.

Bio-based materials, e.g., epoxide starting material, a beta-lactone starting material and/or a beta-hydroxy amide starting material, may be used as feedstocks in processes for making and using acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile derivatives to produce, among other products, carbon fibers and carbon black.

A process for synthesizing an -amino acid compound of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
wherein 4r13 from a monounsaturated fatty nitrile compound of formula
CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.rCN
the process comprising: 1) a step of hydroformylation of the mono unsaturated fatty nitrile compound by reacting said nitrile with carbon monoxide and di hydrogen 5e-a5 to obtain a nitrile aldehyde compound of formula HOC(CH2)r+2-CN, then 2) a step of oxidation, in the presence of dioxygen, of the nitrile aldehyde compound to obtain a corresponding nitrile acid compound of formula HOOC(CH2)r+2-CN, and 3) a step of reduction of the nitrile acid compound to give an w-amino acid of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2.

A process for synthesizing an -amino acid compound of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
wherein 4r13 from a monounsaturated fatty nitrile compound of formula
CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.rCN
the process comprising: 1) a step of hydroformylation of the mono unsaturated fatty nitrile compound by reacting said nitrile with carbon monoxide and di hydrogen 5e-a5 to obtain a nitrile aldehyde compound of formula HOC(CH2)r+2-CN, then 2) a step of oxidation, in the presence of dioxygen, of the nitrile aldehyde compound to obtain a corresponding nitrile acid compound of formula HOOC(CH2)r+2-CN, and 3) a step of reduction of the nitrile acid compound to give an w-amino acid of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2.