Disclosed is a near-infrared absorbing composition, including: a near-infrared absorbing agent; and a solvent, wherein the near-infrared absorbing agent includes at least one of the following Component (A) and Component (B): Component (A): a component composed of a compound having a structure of the following general formula (I) and a metal ion; Component (B): a component composed of a metal complex that is obtainable by a reaction of the compound having the structure of the following general formula (I) and a metal compound.

##STR00001##

An alkyl sulfate ester containing a carbonyl group or a salt thereof. The compound is represented by the following formula:

R.sup.1C(O)(CR.sup.2.sub.2).sub.n(OR.sup.3).sub.p(CR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.q-L-OSO.sub.3X

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, L, X, n, p and q are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a production method for making the alkyl sulfate ester.

An alkyl sulfate ester containing a carbonyl group or a salt thereof. The compound is represented by the following formula:

R.sup.1C(O)(CR.sup.2.sub.2).sub.n(OR.sup.3).sub.p(CR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.q-L-OSO.sub.3X

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, L, X, n, p and q are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a production method for making the alkyl sulfate ester.

Described herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that include such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to modulate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) activity.

Described herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that include such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to modulate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) activity.

The invention relates to the compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001##

in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group, comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of the groups R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is from 2 to 7; A represents a chain of one or a plurality of units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof; and n is an integer between 1 and 100 inclusive. The invention also relates to mineral or organic salts thereof; the use of the compounds of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof as a surfactant, a wetting agent, a detergent, an emulsifying agent, a dispersant, a corrosion inhibitor, and the like; and to compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof.

The invention relates to the compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001##

in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group, comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of the groups R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is from 2 to 7; A represents a chain of one or a plurality of units of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide and mixtures thereof; and n is an integer between 1 and 100 inclusive. The invention also relates to mineral or organic salts thereof; the use of the compounds of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof as a surfactant, a wetting agent, a detergent, an emulsifying agent, a dispersant, a corrosion inhibitor, and the like; and to compositions comprising at least one compound of formula (I) and/or of one of the salts thereof.

A surfactant of formula (I) ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted arylalkyl, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted arylalkyl, x is an integer in a range of 2-8, y is an integer in a range of 1-15, z is an integer in a range of 4-10, n is an integer in a range of 2-5, and A is one of a carboxybetaine group, a sulfobetaine group, or a hydroxy sulfobetaine group. An oil and gas well servicing fluid containing the surfactant and methods of servicing an oil and gas well are also described.

A surfactant of formula (I) ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted arylalkyl, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted arylalkyl, x is an integer in a range of 2-8, y is an integer in a range of 1-15, z is an integer in a range of 4-10, n is an integer in a range of 2-5, and A is one of a carboxybetaine group, a sulfobetaine group, or a hydroxy sulfobetaine group. An oil and gas well servicing fluid containing the surfactant and methods of servicing an oil and gas well are also described.

A sulfuric acid ester containing a plurality of carbonyl groups or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. The sulfuric acid ester is a compound represented by the following formula:

R.sup.1C(O)R.sup.2C(O)R.sup.3OSO.sub.3X

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined herein; X is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.4.sub.4, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R.sup.4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.