Non-ionic photo-acid generating (PAG) polymerizable monomers were prepared that contain a side chain sulfonate ester of an alpha-hydroxy aryl ketone. The aryl ketone group has a perfluorinated substituent alpha to the ketone carbonyl. The sulfur of the sulfonate ester is also directly linked to a fluorinated group. PAG polymers prepared from the PAG monomers release a strong sulfonic acid when exposed to high energy radiation such as deep UV or extreme UV light. The photo-generated sulfonic acid has a low diffusion rate in an exposed resist layer subjected to a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 100 C. to 150 C., resulting in formation of good line patterns after development.

Non-ionic photo-acid generating (PAG) compounds were prepared that contain an aryl ketone group. The disclosed non-polymeric PAGs release a strong sulfonic acid when exposed to high energy radiation such as deep UV or extreme UV light. The photo-generated sulfonic acid has a low diffusion rate in an exposed resist layer subjected to a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 100 C. to 150 C., resulting in formation of good line patterns after development. At higher temperatures, the PAGs undergo a thermal reaction to form a sulfonic acid.

Fatty amide compositions and their derivatives are disclosed. The fatty amides comprise a reaction product of a metathesis-derived C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid, octadecene-1,18-dioic acid, or their ester derivatives with a primary or secondary amine. Derivatives made by reducing, quaternizing, sulfonating, alkoxylating, sulfating, and sulfitating the fatty amide are also included. The amine reactant can be diethylenetriamine or (2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine, which provide imidazoline amides or esters, respectively. In one aspect, the ester derivative of the C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid or octadecene-1,18-dioic acid is a lower alkyl ester. In other aspects, the ester derivative is a modified triglyceride made by self-metathesis of a natural oil or an unsaturated triglyceride made by cross-metathesis of a natural oil with an olefin. The compositions are valuable for cleaners, fabric treatment, hair conditioning, personal care, antimicrobial compositions, agricultural uses, and oil field applications.

Fatty amide compositions and their derivatives are disclosed. The fatty amides comprise a reaction product of a metathesis-derived C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid, octadecene-1,18-dioic acid, or their ester derivatives with a primary or secondary amine. Derivatives made by reducing, quaternizing, sulfonating, alkoxylating, sulfating, and sulfitating the fatty amide are also included. The amine reactant can be diethylenetriamine or (2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine, which provide imidazoline amides or esters, respectively. In one aspect, the ester derivative of the C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid or octadecene-1,18-dioic acid is a lower alkyl ester. In other aspects, the ester derivative is a modified triglyceride made by self-metathesis of a natural oil or an unsaturated triglyceride made by cross-metathesis of a natural oil with an olefin. The compositions are valuable for cleaners, fabric treatment, hair conditioning, personal care, antimicrobial compositions, agricultural uses, and oil field applications.

The present invention provides an excellent nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving low-temperature and high-temperature cycle properties and load characteristics after high-temperature charging storage, an electrochemical element using it, and an alkynyl compound used for it. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention comprises containing at least one alkynyl compound represented by the following general formula (I) in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% by mass in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
R.sup.1(O).sub.nX.sup.1R.sup.2(I)
(In the formula, X.sup.1 represents a group C(O), a group C(O)C(O), a group S(O).sub.2, a group P(O) (R.sup.3), or a group X.sup.3S(O).sub.2O. R.sup.1 represents an alkenyl group, a formyl group, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an arylcarbonyl, an alkanesulfonyl group, an alkynyloxysulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, a dialkylphosphoryl group, an alkyl(alkoxy)phosphoryl group, or a dialkoxyphosphoryl group; R.sup.2 represents an alkynyl group or an alkynyloxy group; R.sup.3 represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an alkenyloxy group, an alkynyloxy group, or an aryloxy group; n indicates 0 or 1.

Fatty amide compositions and their derivatives are disclosed. The fatty amides comprise a reaction product of a metathesis-derived C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid, octadecene-1,18-dioic acid, or their ester derivatives with a primary or secondary amine. Derivatives made by reducing, quaternizing, sulfonating, alkoxylating, sulfating, and sulfitating the fatty amide are also included. The amine reactant can be diethylenetriamine or (2-aminoethyl)ethanolamine, which provide imidazoline amides or esters, respectively. In one aspect, the ester derivative of the C.sub.10-C.sub.17 monounsaturated acid or octadecene-1,18-dioic acid is a lower alkyl ester. In other aspects, the ester derivative is a modified triglyceride made by self-metathesis of a natural oil or an unsaturated triglyceride made by cross-metathesis of a natural oil with an olefin. The compositions are valuable for cleaners, fabric treatment, hair conditioning, personal care, antimicrobial compositions, agricultural uses, and oil field applications.

A surfactant of Formula (I), wherein: R.sub.1=residue derived from a rosin acid; X=H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, P=O(OR.sub.2)(OR.sub.3) or SO.sub.3R.sub.4; Y=H, P=O(OR.sub.2)(OR.sub.3), SO.sub.3R.sub.4; A=(EO)r-(PO)s, or a residue derived from a diol or a polyol selected among polyglycerol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, sorbitan, sorbitol, isosorbide, erythritol, threitol, pentaerythritol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, fucitol, mannitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol or glucose; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4=hydrogen, an alkali metal, ammonium ion, a protonated amine, a quaternary organic ammonium or an alkaline earth metal; EO=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O; PO=CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O; n is an integer number ranging from 1 to 10; p and q are integer numbers ranging from 0 to 100; r and s are integer numbers ranging from 0 to 100, with the proviso that the sum r+s is at least 1.

A surfactant of Formula (I), wherein: R.sub.1=residue derived from a rosin acid; X=H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, P=O(OR.sub.2)(OR.sub.3) or SO.sub.3R.sub.4; Y=H, P=O(OR.sub.2)(OR.sub.3), SO.sub.3R.sub.4; A=(EO)r-(PO)s, or a residue derived from a diol or a polyol selected among polyglycerol, propane-1,3-diol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, sorbitan, sorbitol, isosorbide, erythritol, threitol, pentaerythritol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, fucitol, mannitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol or glucose; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4=hydrogen, an alkali metal, ammonium ion, a protonated amine, a quaternary organic ammonium or an alkaline earth metal; EO=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O; PO=CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)O; n is an integer number ranging from 1 to 10; p and q are integer numbers ranging from 0 to 100; r and s are integer numbers ranging from 0 to 100, with the proviso that the sum r+s is at least 1.