A carboxylate represented by formula (I), a carboxylic acid generator, a resin, and a resist composition including same.

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 each represent a hydroxy group, —O—R.sup.10, etc.; R.sup.4 to R.sup.9 each represent a halogen atom, a haloalkyl group, etc.; R.sup.10 represents an acid-labile group; A.sup.1 to A.sup.3 each represent a hydrocarbon group; m1 represents an integer of 1 to 5, m2, m3, m8 and m9 represent an integer of 0 to 5, m4 to m7 represent an integer of 0 to 4, 1≤m1+m7≤5, 0≤m2+m8≤5, 0≤m3+m9≤5; X.sup.0 represents a single bond or a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent; R.sup.bb1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, etc.; X.sup.10 represents a single bond, *—O—**, etc.; and L.sup.10 represents a single bond or a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent.

This invention provides compounds, for example, of Formulae (A)-(H) and (J)-(AA) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, esters, amides, and prodrugs thereof. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein are useful for treating or preventing various diseases and conditions, for example liver disease such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI).

A sulfonium salt having formula (1) is novel. A chemically amplified resist composition comprising the sulfonium salt as a PAG has advantages including solvent solubility and improved lithography properties such as EL and LWR when processed by photolithography using high-energy radiation such as KrF or ArF excimer laser, EB or EUV.

##STR00001##

The polymerizable composition of the present application may exhibit a wide process window to have excellent workability, and may form a phthalonitrile resin having excellent heat resistance or a prepolymer thereof.

The polymerizable composition of the present application may exhibit a wide process window to have excellent workability, and may form a phthalonitrile resin having excellent heat resistance or a prepolymer thereof.

This invention provides compounds, for example, of Formulae (A)-(H) and (J)-(AA) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, esters, amides, and prodrugs thereof. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein are useful for treating or preventing various diseases and conditions, for example liver disease such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI).

This invention provides compounds, for example, of Formulae (A)-(H) and (J)-(AA) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, esters, amides, and prodrugs thereof. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein are useful for treating or preventing various diseases and conditions, for example liver disease such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury (AKI).

A process of forming a flame retardant material is disclosed. The process includes forming a functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound having the following structural formula: ##STR00001## In the structural formula, X corresponds to a functional group. The process also includes forming a flame retardant material by covalently bonding the functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound into a material using the functional group.

A process of forming a flame retardant material is disclosed. The process includes forming a functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound having the following structural formula: ##STR00001## In the structural formula, X corresponds to a functional group. The process also includes forming a flame retardant material by covalently bonding the functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound into a material using the functional group.

The present invention refers to a process for a catalytic aryl transfer to rearrange the backbone of aromatic C—X bonds.