Disclosed herein are embodiments of polycyclic aromatic compounds and methods of making and using the same. Various different types of polycyclic ring systems are disclosed, including, but not limited to, polymeric aromatic compounds (e.g., nanographene compounds), pentacene-like compounds, chiral aromatic compounds, asymmetric arene compounds formed from naphthalene-, anthracene-, phenanthrene-, and pyrene-based starting compounds, and dimerized aromatic compounds. Also disclosed herein are novel benzannulation-based methods for making the disclosed polycyclic aromatic compounds.

A compound represented by formula (1), a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition.

##STR00001## R is alkyl having 1 to 15 carbons or the like; ring A.sup.1 and ring A.sup.2 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or the like; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently a single bond, COO or the like; Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2 and Y.sup.3 are independently hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; and m is 0, 1 or 2.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

The aim of the invention is to improve the primary detergent power of washing and cleaning agents, in particular with respect to bleach-sensitive or enzyme-sensitive soiling. This is substantially achieved by the incorporation of alkoxy group-carrying sulfocalixarenes or carboxycalixarenes.

The aim of the invention is to improve the primary detergent power of washing and cleaning agents, in particular with respect to bleach-sensitive or enzyme-sensitive soiling. This is substantially achieved by the incorporation of alkoxy group-carrying sulfocalixarenes or carboxycalixarenes.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide: a photochromic compound having an excellent color fading rate and excellent durability; a naphthol derivative that can become an intermediate for the photochromic compound; and a curable composition, an optical article, a lens and eyeglasses each containing the photochromic compound. According to embodiments, a photochromic compound having a backbone represented by formula (1) is provided. In formula (1), M represents C, Si or Ge; R.sup.1 represents a haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive; R.sup.2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive or a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide: a photochromic compound having an excellent color fading rate and excellent durability; a naphthol derivative that can become an intermediate for the photochromic compound; and a curable composition, an optical article, a lens and eyeglasses each containing the photochromic compound. According to embodiments, a photochromic compound having a backbone represented by formula (1) is provided. In formula (1), M represents C, Si or Ge; R.sup.1 represents a haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive; R.sup.2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive or a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms inclusive.

The present disclosure describes novel compounds and compositions and methods of making and using thereof related that are capable of inhibiting PAK1 and associated diseases or disorders, including tumors and cancerous cells. The inventive compounds are more efficacious and stable than IPA-3 without needing liposomal formulations as vehicles for the compounds.

The present disclosure describes novel compounds and compositions and methods of making and using thereof related that are capable of inhibiting PAK1 and associated diseases or disorders, including tumors and cancerous cells. The inventive compounds are more efficacious and stable than IPA-3 without needing liposomal formulations as vehicles for the compounds.