Improved methods for preparing chemical precursors to sulfonyl chloride III, which are important intermediates in the preparation of pyroxsulam herbicide are provided. Specifically, these precursors are compounds of Formulas VII and/or VIII, and IX, wherein R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, X is Cl or OH, Y is halogen, OH, or OR.sup.2, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.

##STR00001##

Improved methods for preparing chemical precursors to sulfonyl chloride III, which are important intermediates in the preparation of pyroxsulam herbicide are provided. Specifically, these precursors are compounds of Formulas VII and/or VIII, and IX, wherein R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, X is Cl or OH, Y is halogen, OH, or OR.sup.2, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein are novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and related methods of their use. The compounds described herein are useful, e.g., as liposomal delivery vehicles to facilitate the delivery of encapsulated polynucleotides to target cells and subsequent iransfection of said target cells, and in certain embodiments are characterized as having one or more properties that afford such compounds advantages relative to other similarly classified lipids.

Disclosed herein are novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and related methods of their use. The compounds described herein are useful, e.g., as liposomal delivery vehicles to facilitate the delivery of encapsulated polynucleotides to target cells and subsequent iransfection of said target cells, and in certain embodiments are characterized as having one or more properties that afford such compounds advantages relative to other similarly classified lipids.

Improved methods for preparing chemical precursors to sulfonyl chloride III, which are important intermediates in the preparation of pyroxsulam herbicide are provided. Specifically, these precursors are compounds of Formulas VII and/or VIII, and IX, wherein R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, X is Cl or OH, Y is halogen, OH, or OR.sup.2, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl. ##STR00001##

Improved methods for preparing chemical precursors to sulfonyl chloride III, which are important intermediates in the preparation of pyroxsulam herbicide are provided. Specifically, these precursors are compounds of Formulas VII and/or VIII, and IX, wherein R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, X is Cl or OH, Y is halogen, OH, or OR.sup.2, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl. ##STR00001##

Disclosed are cationic lipids comprising a vitamin substructure and an ionizable nitrogen-containing group. Cationic lipids provided herein can be useful for delivery and expression of mRNA and encoded protein, e.g., as a component of liposomal delivery vehicle, and accordingly can be useful for treating various diseases, disorders and conditions, such as those associated with deficiency of one or more proteins.

Disclosed are cationic lipids comprising a vitamin substructure and an ionizable nitrogen-containing group. Cationic lipids provided herein can be useful for delivery and expression of mRNA and encoded protein, e.g., as a component of liposomal delivery vehicle, and accordingly can be useful for treating various diseases, disorders and conditions, such as those associated with deficiency of one or more proteins.

A linker of bioprobes, suitable for immobilizing a bioprobe on a chip substrate of a sensor, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of 6 or more, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is greater than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 40%-80%. A further linker of bioprobes, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of less than 6, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is less than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 65%-100%. The optimal carbon chain length of the linker and the coverage are realized for substrates of various roughnesses, and grasping ability of an electrochemical sensor chip for a detected object are enhanced.

A linker of bioprobes, suitable for immobilizing a bioprobe on a chip substrate of a sensor, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of 6 or more, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is greater than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 40%-80%. A further linker of bioprobes, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of less than 6, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is less than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 65%-100%. The optimal carbon chain length of the linker and the coverage are realized for substrates of various roughnesses, and grasping ability of an electrochemical sensor chip for a detected object are enhanced.